tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-84934807902444437402024-03-05T04:48:18.369-08:00Last Prisoner StoryDuring the 2nd World War plenty of people from USSR were driven away to work in Germany and Austria where they had to toil without any respect to human dignity. Memories and stories of people disappear with them. If nothing is undertaken, soon nobody can hear truth about those hard times. In Konstantinovka (Ukraine), 3 diaries of former forced workers were discovered by accident, and inspired volunteers to collect and record more. This blog presents results of “Last prisoner story” project.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger73125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-71144301575067063602013-06-05T09:02:00.000-07:002013-06-05T09:19:39.479-07:00Panicheva Zoya Vasil'yevna.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<i>Interviewed by Daniela, Valentina, Margherita and Benjamin in her room of the flat she shares with her son in Konstantinovka on April 9th, 2013. Text in square brackets serves as explanation and commentary added by the interviewers. </i><br />
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I was born on January 15th 1926 in Zhytomyr. In my family there were three children. My father, Vasiliy, was a teacher, my mother, Vera, a secretary. We were very poor. <br />
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The autumn I was sixteen, police arrived with dogs and took everyone of a certain age – including me. I didn't have time to take anything with me from my house. They immediately took me to a train wagon. On the way to Germany they didn't feed us. We were traveling like sardines in a can.<br />
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When we arrived, it was in the city of Wuppertal, they ordered us to wash. Two Germans sprayed us with cold water from a hose. I was sent directly to a glass factory. There they divided us between different jobs: Someone to cut, someone to pack. I was working on cutting the glass. I was very afraid of the Germans. They paid us two Marks per month. We were treated like prisoners, but they didn't beat us in the factory. Instead they punished us with cold showers. There were two guards. One was a very cordial and good person, the other bad: He was a true fascist. I could understand some German because I learned it in school. We also had a translator. In the factory, which was very warm because of the machines, there was a bathroom and we could wash with warm water, but we didn't have any soap.<br />
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We were living in barracks in one half of the lager, in the other half there were Polish prisoners. In the room we were twenty-five people. We were sleeping on two-story bunk beds. There were also some wooden cupboards. Our clothes were white shirts and trousers with blue stripes, on my arm I <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OST-Arbeiter">had to wear an "OST"-sign</a>. From the trousers I made a skirt. But in the winter it was very cold. The Polish prisoners were treated better than us. While they were feeding us like pigs, they were feeding the Polish people better, separate from us. Sometimes they let them bring us a little bit of bread or potatoes. But they were feeding us very badly. Sometimes we received letters from home. They let us write back, but very rarely. Sometimes even packages from my mother arrived with bread, two hundred fifty gram. We divided it between the people. I was so happy. Sometimes the guards were giving us a little "butterbrot", but they were afraid themselves that someone would catch them. I had one friend: If we had some food, we'd share it. <br />
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Once when I was working I cut my hands because we didn't have gloves. My arm started to get bad from the infection, and we never got any medicine. I wasn't even able to put on clothes. We were forced to work day and night, working as hard as wolves. They were loading and unloading freight wagons. Sometimes potatoes arrived by train and they were unloaded to a bunker-like building. We stole and hid some, exchanging roles of thieves and lookouts between us, then cooked and ate them. I was hiding them under the mattress where I was sleeping. If they had caught us they would have killed us. We were all thin as fingers. <br />
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There were very, very, very bad people and very, very, very good people in Germany. I was surprised at the ideal cleanness in the country. On Sundays we had holidays if there wasn't work. Once we went to the city looking to buy [unclear]. But when we opened the cans we found small frogs inside. Some of us had already eaten some. They got sick. <br />
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Later I was working in a house. The woman brought me around and showed me how I must put everything into order, to clean. She liked me very much, although I think she was afraid of me because I was hungry when they had plenty. She was a very good woman, a person full of heart. She was saying that she wanted to "dress me up like a doll". She also said she wanted to help me, but she was afraid. Her husband was bad, he was a policeman. Until I cut my leg I was bringing around another girl so she was always with me. She stole everything she could get her hands on. I never stole anything. The woman died when a bomb fell on the house. I was very, very sad. <br />
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I was in Germany for four years. We were set free by Americans but I personally didn't see them. When they set us free they gathered us in a lager. [It's not clear whether it was the same one they had been kept in the previous year, or a separate one, or why Panicheva Vasil'yevna didn't see any American soldiers personally.] They loaded us into cattle wagons and brought us home. But there we were greeted as "enemy of the people". After coming back I was working in a kolkhoz.<br />
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B.http://www.blogger.com/profile/05608463673172327876noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-66530467477848863082013-06-02T05:54:00.001-07:002013-06-02T05:54:40.845-07:00Pugachova Nesterivna Lyubov’.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i>Interviewed by Daniela, Valentina, Margherita and Benjamin in the living room of her home in Konstantinovka on April 8th, 2013. Text in square brackets serves as explanation and commentary added by the interviewers. This interview was more difficult than others, both for Pugachova Lyubov’ , visibly shaken and emotional, and for the group of interviewers. </i><br />
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I was born on March 8th 1921 in Izyum, in the Kharkov Oblast [region]. I had one brother and one sister. In 1922 my mother died and within one month, my brother and my sister died too. Then I stayed with my father and my grandmother. My grandmother died. My father was working in the mines where he had an accident and also died. I was eight years old when I was sent to orphanage that was 18 km away from Izyum. <br />
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In 1939 I was sent to work in a factory that produced clay dishes in the Donetsk region. The war started and on March 22nd 1942, I was twenty years old then, together with 17 other people I was taken to Germany. We traveled by train in a wagon made for horses. The trip took one week, and during that time, ten people disappeared. [It's not clear whether Pugachova Lyubov’ means that they were able to flee, or that they were killed, or if she even knows for sure.] <br />
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I was brought to a lager in the city of Duisburg. Half of the lager were Ukrainian prisoners, the other half French and Belgians. I was living in a four floors lager with barred windows. They fed us very badly, a piece of bread for four days and 150 grams of margarine, “briukhva” [turnip soup] for lunch and dinner. Life was very hard there, and we weren't allowed to leave the camp. When we went to work, we were guarded by police with dogs. Those who tried to escape were killed. I was working as a loading porter. <br />
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I stayed in Germany for three and a half years, until we were set free by American and Soviet soldiers. I returned in October 1945. Back at my old factory I worked as a loading porter for fifteen years until I got sick and they gave me a lighter job. In 1953 Stalin gave an order that women cannot work as porters, so I was moved to another department. [It's not clear from Pugachova Lyubov’s narrative whether it was her sickness or the new law that actually caused her to be transferred.] I worked for 60 years. <br />
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I met a partner and we had four children, three of them have already died. We weren’t officially married. He knew I have been in Germany. [It's not clear whether this was why they didn't marry.] He died on January 18th 1980<i>.</i><br />
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B.http://www.blogger.com/profile/05608463673172327876noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-14195692640557236552013-05-27T15:47:00.000-07:002013-05-27T15:47:10.358-07:00Melnykova Maria<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><em>Interviewed by Kassandra (Germany), Jakob (Germany), Agnese (Italy) and Khrystyna (Ukraine) . Text in square brackets serves as explanation and commentary added by the interviewers.</em></span></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></em></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Life before the war</strong></span></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I was born
on the 18<sup>th</sup> of August 1926 in Poltava region. During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932-1934" target="_blank">Famine</a> time</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> [Soviet famine of 1932–1933] we came here, to Konstantinovka. I am a motherless
child. My mother died when I was 10. I was raised by my father. When we came
here, firstly we lived in a park. I studied at school </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">№16 and finished 7 grades. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Famine started in
1932. The soldiers came and took everything. Father was also taken and I stayed
with my grandmother.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When she died my
father was set free. Then he suggested going to Donbas. My father was 32 and I
was 6 when we came here. He worked at the Frunze factory. When he was at work, I
had to go to scrap yards in order to find some food. We were given a small
room. From one side there was a TIR [shooting gallery], and from the other- we
lived. He died here, in Konstantinovka. In 1946 I got a job and after I bought
a house.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I heard about the
beginning of war on the radio. The bombing started and my father dug a cellar
for us to stay there. He and my stepmother were in the garden when Russian
soldier came to the house. He said if I didn’t want to go to work in Germany I
should sleep with him. If not he would write a note to a Labor exchange and I
would be taken to Germany. Or in the other case if I hide somewhere he would
kill my parents. I didn’t have any choice and went to Germany. On the next
morning soldiers came and took me to the Labor exchange. After we all went to
Donetsk and stayed there for 2 weeks in order to gather everyone. Father stayed
at home. He worked at the military guard.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><strong>Life during the war</strong></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In May, 1942 we were
taken to Germany.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We went in cargo
wagons. There was straw inside on the ground. I don’t remember exactly how many
we were, but for sure a lot. One break we had in Zhytomyr. And we wanted to run
away. We were 12, but someone revealed our plans. After that we were beaten by
German soldiers. We came to Eisenach city to the plane factory, where was a
production of details for planes. We lived in wooden barracks. Our work was
cleaning. The first year we were cleaning at the factory, on the camp
territory, on the cemetery. Also there were lathes. I remember there was one
German woman and she taught me everything there. Everything was ok if there
were no defects. In other way we were punished. Also there was one girl form
Konstantinovka and we were friends in the camp. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Our meal consisted
only of spinach and turnip. We hadn’t seen bread at all. We didn’t want to eat
that food. There was one German woman and when she saw that we rejected to eat,
she turned over our plates and ordered to eat from the ground. We were forced
to eat. But with a time we got used to it, because any way you want to eat
something. Because of the climate change we had problems with health; we had
wounds on our hands, legs. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On the 9<sup>th</sup> of May we were liberated by Americans. Stalin issued an order that we were
treated as enemies of the country, and we should be taken not homes but to “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkhoz" target="_blank">Kolkhoz</a>” [ was a form of collective farms in the Soviet Union]. I don’t remember the name
of the village that we were taken to gather the harvest and collect the hay.
But when was the time to go home, we were not allowed to come inside the wagon,
only to the corridor of the carriage. We worked hard, suffered and at the end
became the enemies of the country. It was not our fault that we were taken to
Germany.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Before the departure
we had a medical examination in Germany and after were sent to that village.
Only in November I reached home. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj20fnz1LoQQmdIdsYZAWPjDEIwtUzj7dILRidCXU1lJaQs6N2abXePB0Bwyhw-ogJq96CBHchlgwnd4qBuHvInI1vbZy5-UE_CBiWCBduI8GuMgtQWIu1Xxcc1LWbMqUyCJVBd0j7063cj/s1600/IMG_1906.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj20fnz1LoQQmdIdsYZAWPjDEIwtUzj7dILRidCXU1lJaQs6N2abXePB0Bwyhw-ogJq96CBHchlgwnd4qBuHvInI1vbZy5-UE_CBiWCBduI8GuMgtQWIu1Xxcc1LWbMqUyCJVBd0j7063cj/s400/IMG_1906.JPG" width="277" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><strong>Life after the war</strong></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After the Stalin’s
order we were treated badly. When I came from Germany my father helped me to
get a job. I worked as a student on the factory for half a year, then as a
worker. After the factory I worked in the garage, in the school as a guard. I
have 64 years of service. I finished working when I was 76. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">My daughter and
younger son died. I live with my older son and his family now. My husband drank
and was paralyzed and died. We lived with him together for 46 years. We went
through a lot. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">He beat me because of
the fact that I worked in Germany. I tried to hide from him this information,
but my stepmother didn’t like me and didn’t want me to marry him, and told him
everything. But my children knew about my work in Germany.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Also we received the
compensation from Germany. I don’t remember the sums but at first it was in
Deutsche mark, and then in euro. I received the notification from bank about
the money.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">During those times the
attitude to Germany was bad. But now time has changed and people as well. There
are good and bad people everywhere. Even there was one German woman who brought
me time to time some sandwiches.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s good that you all came today and
remember about us. Everyone should know about those times.</span></div>
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-3612511318976722532013-05-22T01:25:00.000-07:002013-05-22T01:25:37.304-07:00Dubrova Vera Porfirevna <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">9<sup>th</sup>
April, 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Alessia
(Italy), Oksana (Ukraine), Nora (Austria), Kim (Austria).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">My name is Dubrova
Vera Porfirevna and I was born on October 12th 1924 in Cerenjavshina , a
village in Urjevskij district and part of Dnipropetrovska Region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Life was difficult
in my hometown and my family moved to relatives in Lozovaja. My father was
working in a mine and my mum was at home taking care about me, my sister and my
brother.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">In 1942 I
was forced to go with German soldiers and put on a train. I decided to escape and
found a host where I could spend the night. As soon as it was possible I wanted
to go to my uncle’s house. Going in the night would have been too dangerous.
The woman that hosted me promised to wake me up in the morning. When I woke up
I heard voices of German policemen in the house, but the woman hid me.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">In May 1943
Germans said that they would have taken all the relatives of the Soviets who
would have not gone to Germany, for this reason I decided and left. Luckily, I
was allowed to bring some things with me. I went to Germany by train, which was
actually a mean of transport for goods. Men and women were all together.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">In first
days of june I arrived to Schwerin, where I started to work in a factory. I had
to collect fruits and vegetables and later put them in cans. After summer was
over I was sent to work in a food factory, whose owner named Janzen. In this
factory more than 400 people worked. They were all from different countries:
Croatia, Serbia and Soviet Union. Usually we spoke Russian, but there was also one
girl who knew German.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The working
conditons were not bad: at 7 am work started, at 9 am we had coffee, at 12 pm
we had lunch in the factory with different meals every day. When there was some
food left from the lunch, we were allowed to bring it home for dinner.
Sometimes I gave that food to friends of mine. At 4 pm we had coffee again and
at 7 pm work ended. They also gave us to two loaves of bread per week and furthermore
some margarine and coffee. Every friday we got a salary of 15 German Marks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">On the
weekend we did not have to work but on the first half of the saturdays we had
to clean the work places and on the second half we cleaned our sleeping places.
At the second floor of the factory there were rooms for workers where we used
to live all together. We had to change the bed linen of our beds every two
weeks. The clean ones were on the bed when we return from work. Germans afterwards
checked if everything was clean. Sunday was free: we were allowed to take walks
through the city, but only if we would be back on time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">As some
worker had the possibility to listen to the radio, we heard that the war was
over: Russians were in the city
and set us free. Those days German people said to the Soviet soldiers that we,
the Ostarbeiters, were there volunteerely.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">When the Soviet
Army liberated us, we were sent to a close village, named Gustrow, where we
lived and worked there until September.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">In Gustrow
I also got to know my future husband, who was originally from Brest and worked
as a soldier in the Soviet Army. We married in 1945 and our son was born on 9<sup>th</sup>
May 1946 (Victory Day). Later my husband was sent to the “Chaljabinsk 40”, a
secret factory, which was actually a nuclear plan, and came back ten years
later. He started then working in a brick factory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">In 1955 I
moved to Konstantinovka with my husband. My family knew that I was in Germany,
but I did not tell anyone else that I was there as Ostarbeiter. I tried to have
contact with other people who have been in German, but only around my hometown
in Dnipropetrovska Region, because I did not know anyone in Konstantinovka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">I worked in the glass factory “Avtosteklo”,
but I refused to work in the military production part of the factory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Germany
paid me three times money for reparation, but I did not receive any money for
my husband’s work, because he died in 1993.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-22888984243904766652013-05-22T01:24:00.000-07:002013-05-22T01:24:48.826-07:00Valentina Pogorelova<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
8th April, 2013.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Alessia (Italy), Oksana
(Ukraine), Nora (Austria), Kim (Austria).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My name is Valentina Pogorelova
and I was born in 1925 in Rostov-on-Don. I lived with my grandparents in a
kolchoz then we had to move and live with my aunt. Later the Germans murdered
her. Before the war started I had just finished the 9th grade. One of the few
things I remember from my schooltime was that we always cheated when we had a
test.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When I heard about the war on the
radio, my sister and I decided to volunteer as nurses. Many people applied as
volunteers but unlike them, we were rejected because we were too young. Later
on, the bombing began and all the inhabitants were hiding in bomb shelters. On
October 15th 1942 I was forced to go to Germany. I was taken away with many
other people. As we all knew about
this before, we had some time to collect food and pack some clothes. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our first stop
was in Stuttgart and then I was brought to Thuebingen, where I started working
in a doctor’s house (he was called Uzatel) for one year and a half. When I was
starting to work there, Dr. Uzatel was at the front and I was alone with his
wife and their children. They treated me badly. Even their children did not
speak to me, they used to tell me what to do. This family was very rich and the
house had 54 rooms and I had to clean all of them. Besides that I also took
care of their garden and their animals (pigs, cows and chickens). Every day I
had to get up at 5am.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I lived in a small room under the
roof. There were a small bed, a chest and a small basin for washing my hands. In
the house of Dr. Uzatel I did not get enough food. His wife measured sausages,
bread and sour cream. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When her husband came home from
the front and saw me for the first time, he asked her wife what I was doing there,
unable to work (because I had been hurt by his wife) . She answered him that I
did not come volunterely, but I was forced to. Furthermore he wanted to know
why she used to behave rudely with me even though it was me who took care about
their children. Life there was better when Dr. Uzatel did not have to work on
the front and spent time at home. Then I used to get more food and the doctor
also worried about my health: he thought I had tuberculosis. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Something really special for me
were the presents I got from the doctor. I remembered getting a dress hidden in
a wooden egg, with a pair of shoes of my size (36). Unfortunatly I was not
allowed to take this presents with me when I left.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Compared to the workers in the
factory I did not have much free time. Just on Sundays I had some time off and
I spent those two hours meeting some other forced workers and discussing our bad working conditions. For 2 years
I met those people. I began to forget Russian, because my German improved. On
Sundays I had to be back at 5pm, otherwise the doctor and his wife would not
allow me some free time anymore. One Sunday, I was already late, I met a fat
policeman and he asked me in German: “Where is your “OST” sign?” and I answered
in Russian: “Ch’ort puzatiy!” (“You devil with fat belly!”).He thought that I
was talking about the doctor, as his surname was Uzatel [note: the policeman misunderstood
her Russian as bad German pronounciation of the name Uzatel]. Luckily, the
policeman was a nice guy and did not understand what i said to him and just
reminded me to put the “OST” sign on next time, without giving me a fine.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One time I sat down to play the
white piano. The hostess saw me and said: - Where are your hands? - and called
me “dirty russian”. I explained her, that I would have cleaned the piano. I
also remember some other situations when she threw some object against me.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Once I was locked in the room where
they used to wash the clothes. I wanted to escape through the window, but the
woman saw me, sent the dogs after me and shouted: - Axel! Etel! Bite her! - I answered in Russian: - You are a fool!
I feed them, they will not bite me! - Still, I did not manage to escape.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After a new decree promoted by
Molotov, saying that every German was responsible for Russians in Germany, I
decided to commit suicide in a river. But as I grew up in Rostov-on- Don I was
a really good swimmer. A policemen saw me swimming, picked me up and brought me
to a labore office. The employer of this office, a German woman, brought me
back to Miss Uzatel and she told me that I would have worked there until she
would have found another place for me. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It must be around one month
later, when the labor office found a new place: it was in an orphanage. Most of the children were from
immigrants and almost all of them were not able to speak German. In this
orphanage nuns took care of the children. The nuns treated me really good, we
would even celebrate birthdays. I stayed there for one year and a half. As the orphanage also included a
hospital, we had the red cross on the roof and were not bombed. We used to eat
all together, except when the officers ate there. I was not allowed to enter
the room.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I was liberated by the British and the Americans. I tried to
run away because I did not
understand that the soldiers wanted to free us as they were very unfriendly. After
seeing my sign on the shirt saying that I was from Soviet Union, they changed
into being friendly.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On our way back to
Rostov, we stopped in a former concentration camp which was already in Soviet
Union. The conditions were really bad in the camp, even after the liberation. We
slept on the streets because we did not want to stay in the barracks of the
camp, the smell and conditions were unbeareble. In this lager I also saw the crematorium.
There were ashes everywhere and a cruel smell that I will never forget.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finally, on October 20th 1945, I
came back to Rostov. After I got married to my husband, I moved to
Konstantinovka. My husband started working in the glass factory Avtosteklo and
I was even offered to join in the party, but I refused. After the death of my
husband I wanted to return to my hometown because I did not have enough
resources to stay anymore, but the director of the factory offered me to keep
my flat. He would have paid for it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the 1990ies I received reparations from Germany (three
times 650 German Marks), now I have some benefits from the Ukrainian government
for domestic bills.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-13083091546692188612013-05-20T10:22:00.001-07:002013-05-22T01:23:44.263-07:00Мария Ильинична Божинская<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">5 <span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">Апреля, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: RU;">Алеся,
Маргерита, Агнесе (Италия), Оксана (Украина).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;"></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8s1DiJslZaQGpQWb0VjfngGfJC18LkWBAR9nzpbS9x8wdwlQd_llXSrc14zjo6c6IMp-OjrfX-HRVww1XjdqgsqFuqdjgKUHeWJO_z4GC2M62237hAWS632S6p_w7RZmuuOIHu1QtfTF3/s1600/2013-04-05+11.59.51.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8s1DiJslZaQGpQWb0VjfngGfJC18LkWBAR9nzpbS9x8wdwlQd_llXSrc14zjo6c6IMp-OjrfX-HRVww1XjdqgsqFuqdjgKUHeWJO_z4GC2M62237hAWS632S6p_w7RZmuuOIHu1QtfTF3/s400/2013-04-05+11.59.51.jpg" height="400" width="225" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Меня зовут <span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">М</span>ария <span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">Ильинична Божинская.
Я</span> родилась 6 июня 1925 года <span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">в</span><span lang="RU"> </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">Запорожская</span> область, Куйбышевский район, село
Вершина, 300 км от Kонстантиновки.<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Я переехала сюда в Kонстантиновке перед
войной, в 1932 году, потому что моя семья была раскулаченная. мой отец имел две
лошади и из-за этого его судили. Он сидел в тюрьме пол года, а потом был обижен
не хотел возврашаться туда. У нас были родственники в Kонстантиновке, мой папа
работал на Aвтостeкольном заводе, моя мама работала, где пришлось, в семье была
голодовка, и когда она работала в столовой она принесла домой отходов пищи.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Когда война начилась в 1941 году, завод
восстановили на Урале и начили выпускать военную технику и мой папа там
работал. В 1942 отец и брат пошли на фронт. Мы жили рядом с аэродромом; немцы
туда бросали зажигательные смеси и нам было очень страшно, поэтому мы поехали
обратно на родину, в вершину. там в деревне мы жили хорошо, у нас был огород. До
войны я успела школу закончить. Mы узнали что война началась по объявлению
радио и в 1942 году немцы захватили Kонстантиновку. <span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">В 19</span>43 году меня забрали в <span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">Г</span>ерманью на работу вместе с моей подругой
но потом нас разделились и отправили в разных местах. Нас были только девушек,
мы знали что нас отправили в <span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">Г</span>ерманию
на работу, и больше ничего. Мне тогда было 18 лет, мы <span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">все </span>были м<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">олодые</span>, с 15 до 25 лет. Я пошла работать на
поле в Шнайденбург (сегодня находится в Польше и называется Острожница), в ферме.
Я не одной была, но вместе с трех девушками и двумя парнями, военнопленники,
все с <span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">У</span>краины. Нас кормили
картофелями, нас хватало. Нам давали немножко денег, мы ходили на рынок и
покупали конфеты. Я смогла даже переписовать с моими родителями. Я там работала
больше два с половиной года, но мы все время общались на русском, поэтому я не
выучила немецкий. Когда война закончила, мы об этом узнали потому что у наших
военнопленных пришло сообщение. Нас освободили Советская Армия, это было
тежелый момент, они не очень хорошо велели себя, но один солдат из Ленинграда
спас меня, мы разговаривали и никто к нам не пристовал. Сразу мы собрались и
поехали домой на поезде, по дороге никто нас не трогал. После освобождени<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">я</span> я нашла работу помошницей нотариуса.
Если бы они знали что я была в Германии конечно бы не взяли меня, но никто не
спрошивал. Я никому не рассказывала что я была в Германии, это была запрещенная
тема. Даже в семье об этом не говорилось. Моя дочь только узнала что я работала
в Германии когда ей было 20 лет. У меня нет никаких воспоминаниях о страшных
моментах, работа не тежелая была и семья неплохая, они были пожилые люди и
никто нас не обижал, когда я уехала хозяйка даже подарила мне платье. Как
весде, немцы бывали хорошие и плохие, я помню как нам давали конфеты и детям
шоколадки. Я дважды получила деньги из Германии, у меня не были никакие
документы чтобы доказать что я там была, мне пришлось искать в немецком архиве.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Мой папа рассказал мне что когда они
зашли в <span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">В</span>енгрию, была такая жара
и жажда,они прошли через виноградский пол и <span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">его</span> товарищ, у кого была температура, трогал
один единтсвенный ягод и его застреляли. Кто попадал в плен, тот был считанный
уже как измены родины, поэтому я боялась рассказать мою историю.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-47546886330772039682013-05-17T05:50:00.002-07:002013-05-20T02:37:42.675-07:00Maria Il’inichna Bozhinskaja<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIPkWeQ_lcQfuHJK2eNPLPhiqnql0KhukZgVLP1HotfyhaxchHHQ-nKFP-4JbT3LqKywpoQ6xIi4mleZ0_CbI42q-exgDxvmR9A4yCU9HpmttHy1UmRjP0klPrmLuGTFde9zUSQn1urkVN/s1600/2013-04-05+11.58.41.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIPkWeQ_lcQfuHJK2eNPLPhiqnql0KhukZgVLP1HotfyhaxchHHQ-nKFP-4JbT3LqKywpoQ6xIi4mleZ0_CbI42q-exgDxvmR9A4yCU9HpmttHy1UmRjP0klPrmLuGTFde9zUSQn1urkVN/s320/2013-04-05+11.58.41.jpg" width="180" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Interview taken the 5<sup>th</sup>
April, 2013 by </span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">Alessia,
Margherita, Agnese (Italy), Oksana (Ukraine).</span></div>
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My name is Maria Il’inichna Bozhinskaja. I was born 6 june 1925, in Vershina, 300 km from Konstantinovka. In 1932 I moved to Konstantinovka with my parents before the war because my family was considered Kulak. My dad own two horses and because of this he was arrested. He spent six months in the jail in Marjupol’ and then he did not want to come back. In Konstantinovka my dad was working in the glass factory and my mom used to work where it was possible. Our family suffered for hunger and when my mom would find job in a canteen she would bring home the left food. Before the war started I was able to finish my studies.<br /><br />The industry where my dad used to work was moved to Ural’ mountains and he went there to work for one year. The production had changed from civil to military. <br /><br />When the war started in 1941 my dad and my brother went to the army. My dad told me that when the Soviet Army was in Hungary, they once were passing through a grape field. It was summer and really hot, they were all thirsty. One of his fellow had temperature and took a single grape, for this officers from Soviet Army shot him.<br /><br />We used to live near the airdrome when the Germans came, when they started throwing incendiary materials we decided to go back to our city, Vershina, and there we used to live quite well as we had a garden.<br /><br />I found out the war was begun by radio announcements and in 1942 Germans came to occupy the city. In 1943 I was taken (I was 18 years old) to go to force labor to Germany with my friend Galina. Germans used to take young people, usually between 15 and 25 years old. We travelled together but then they sent us to different workplaces. We only knew that we were going to Germany for working and ended up in Schneidenburg (now Ostroznica, Poland), working in the in the fields. The work was not really hard and I was not alone there. There were other three girls and two war prisoners, all from Ukraine. We used to eat potatoes for lunch and dinner, every day. We received some money, so we could go to the market and buy some candies. I could even send letters to my parents. I worked there for more than two and a half years and we all the time were speaking in Russian between us. That’s why I never learnt German. <br /><br />We found out the war was over because the war prisoners received a message. We were set free by the Soviet Army, but it was not easy moment as the soldiers would offend us for being working there. I met one soldier from Leningrad, he saved me. We used to chat and nobody was bothering us. On the way back to Ukraine I did not encountered any serious difficulty. We went by train and it was not a really long trip.<br /><br />I don’t have generally bad memories from that times: As everywhere the Germans were sometimes nice to us, I even remember that some of them would give us some chocolate. The family where I used work was polite, even if we would not meet them often and nobody used to offend us. Before I left for going back to Ukraine, the lady gave me as present a nice dress.<br /><br />After the end of the war I received two times a reparation for my forced work, even if I did not want them. The first time Germany paid me in marks, the second already in euro. I did not have any documents to prove that I spend more than two years working in Germany, then I wrote a letter to the German Archive. I got an answer back confirming my forced labor.<br /><br />When I arrived to Konstantinovka in 1945 I found a job in a notary office, but I would not tell my story to everyone. Nobody was asking me where I had been, even if they knew I had been to Germany. It was forbidden to tell the story of Ostarbeiters before late 90s. I even spoke about this to my family really late, my daughter was already 20 years old.Who was taken as prisoner, was considered as enemy of the Country, that is why I was scared to tell my story of life in Germany.<div class="MsoNormal">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-85565814146905433712013-05-17T05:47:00.000-07:002013-05-20T02:11:40.322-07:00Nikolaj Alekseevič Pogasij<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Interview taken the 5th of April by Alessia, Margherita, Agnese (Italy), Oksana (Ukraine)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Born in 1926 in Barvenkovo, a city 100 km away from Konstantinovka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">How was
your life before the war?</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">We had a really
poor life because we were 8 people (mum, dad, 5 brothers and 1 sister) and we
lived just from the pension of my dad. He worked in the metallurgic industry in
Konstantinovka and my mother wasn't working because she had to take care of the
house and the family. We had two horses and a vegetable garden. Without this we
would have died. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">My parents were not
interested in politics since basic needs of the family were the most important
things. In my childhood I experienced poverty, but now I have a quite good
pension.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">How did
you know that the war started?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">I knew it thanks to
radio announcements. The war started in June and the Germans arrived here in
October. They occupied the city and restored part of the city. They did not bomb
too much of the city.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">How did
your life and the city change during the first months of war?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Industries were not
working anymore. I didn’t understand exactly what was going on because I was too
young. All my brothers went to the army and even my sister left to serve as a
nurse. I remained alone at home with my parents. My dad didn’t go to the army
as he was already 60 years old. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">I had different
experiences with Germans: some of them were nice with us, others were not nice
to us. But that experience is common. In general I did not suffer violence from
them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">After the beginning
of the war life got worst, especially because there was just a little food.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Did you
feel angry because of they were here?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Of course we were
not happy, but there wasn't strong opposition from local people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">When
were you caught by Germans?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">I was caught on January
or February 1943. I was 16 years old. They caught a lot of other young people.
My parents were not deported because they were already 60 years old, and
Germans took just young people because they were capable of working. I didn’t
have time to take anything with me and they put me immediately on the train:
there were no seats because the wagons were used priorely for transporting
goods. I was alone and I didn't recognize anyone that I knew. Women and men had
been separated. Germans did not tell us about the destination. They fed us, but
the food was really bad. Turnip, for example, here it is hard to find it, but
they would give us a lot. We were starving, so even if it was not tasty, we ate
that food anyway.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">That long trip
ended in Austria: in a lager at the border to Italy at the Brenner passage in
the mountains, at 350 metres above the sea. The name of the place was Lienz. My
work consisted in repairing the railway connection between Italy and Germany.
It was a very hard work and just men did it. The Americans bombed that place
quite often.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">I did not know what
a lager was before seeing that place and as the conditions of living and
working were really hard, a lot of people died in short time. We lived in
wooden barracks. There were two or three bunk beds in each barrack. Each
barrack was used as shelter for 200-250 people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">There were a few
Italians, but lot of English, French, Ukrainian and Russian people, and we were
all working on the railway. I have spent almost one year in the lager before
escaping. It was a quite big lager. It was impossible to socialize with other
people, because they spoke other languages. Russian-speaking people were put
into separate groups. I was able to understand only German quite well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">What's
the worst memory you have about the lager?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">I can just say one
word: lager. But I would like to say that not all Germans were bad to us, some
were kind and polite. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Did you
see people dying?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Of course I saw
them. Every day about 60 or 70 people died. I saw thousands of people dying.
And Germans with bulldozer put all the corps in a hole.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Is it
possible to get used to death?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">I believe a normal,
sane man, cannot get used to death. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">When
did you manage to escape?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">I escaped with 15 other
people when the Americans bombed the lager. We knew that on the North there was
Germany, so we ran toward South, but we did not know anything more than that.
Some of them died just because they had no more energy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">We arrived to
Bolzano. There people speak rather German than Italian. We asked a woman for
some clothes, because we were wearing some striped uniforms. She gave me
something to wear. But in any case, they caught me again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Why did
you decide to go to Italy, even if you know that there were fascists?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">We went to Italy
because we knew that there were people who fought against fascists. Italy is the
country that saved me; I've been living there for two years and I consider it
as my second motherland.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">What
happened next?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">After two months the
Italian police caught me again and they brought me to another lager, which was
really diffent and better than the first one. We were working in the airdrome
in Villafranca. I stayed there less than one month. I</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">t was a place for civil prisoners, there were
French and English people, but I didn't speak much with them because of the
language.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">One
day a man came to me during the lunch break and he said "Let's go".
His name was Ezechia, he's dead now, but he saved me. Then I have been living
with him and his family for 2 years. I worked in the fields and at home I
learned Italian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">After
two years I went to Milan where there was a Soviet Union representation, but at
that time it was still impossible to come back home. The war wasn’t over yet. I
started to travel to many Italian cities trying to find people from Soviet
Union to organize and to go back home. Many older people didn't want to come
back to the Soviet Union, because they knew they would be considered as
traitors of the motherland and they would maybe be murdered. They fought in the
Soviet army and they were captured. I was very young (18 years old) and I wanted
to go back.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">What
are your best memories about Italy?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">My
best memories of Italy are connected to my family there, because they tought me
Italian. People there are all good. My favourite city is Villafranca, but
Verona and Venice are also very nice cities. I consider Italy my second
Motherland.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Did
you have contacts with Partisans?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Few.
One or two times I went to destroy German telephone lines. A person tought me
how to destroy contacts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">How
did you manage then to came back home?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">I
don't remember very well. I remember that I met my brothers, who were serving
in the army, in Austria and I entered the army too. I served the army there
until Austria declared its neutrality and then I moved to Ukraine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Did
you manage to have contacts with your family during those years?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Yes.
We had the possibility to write each other.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">How
did you find life when you came back to Ukraine?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">I
was nothing special. I continued to study and than I started to work in the
glass industry and later on "nella fabbrica di mattoni". The city was
different because everything was destroyed and new houses have been constructed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">What
kind of relationship did you have with your neighbours after the war? Did you
want to share your experience with someone else?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 252.0pt 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">It
was a normal relationship. But if people in your professional environment knew that
you worked in occupied territorities ries, they didn't allow you to work there
anymore.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">I
couldn't speak about my previous life because it was strictly forbidden. I
wanted to share my past with my wife and other beloved people, and no one
else. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Did
you receive some compensation from Austria?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Yes, in 1999 I received 600 marks and then in 2000 250 euros. We then had the possibility to have an eye operation.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-58964935259163018502013-05-06T15:18:00.000-07:002013-05-06T15:18:51.980-07:00Stanislava Lyudvigovna Karkach.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i>Interviewed by Daniela, Valentina, Margherita and Benjamin in the dining room of her home in Konstantinovka on April 8th, 2013. Text in square brackets serves as explanation and commentary added by the interviewers. An asterisk [*] denotes locations that could not be verified for sure. </i><br /><br />I was born in a village in the “Zhitomovska” [*, Zhytomyrs'ka?] Oblast [region]. My nationality is Polish, but in my passport I am Ukrainian. My parents were working in the kolkhoz, they were from “Zetomov” [*, Zhytomyr?]. In my family we were seven children. Before the war I lived in very bad conditions. I was at school for eight years, and I was very good at it. There I also learned the German language very well. <br /><br />About the war I found out very quickly and I was really scared. My brother, who was born in 1926, was drafted into military service and died after he was hurt in his stomach. My father died in 1943 because he got sick in the lung when he was hiding from Germans in the cowshed. <br /><br />At first, I hid from the Germans. They were taking people born in 1925/1926, so they went after me. I was 17 years old at that time. When the police took me for the first time I ran away, which is why I wasn’t in the same place as the neighbors from my village, but there I had a lot of friends. When they did catch me, I was sent to prison for a week. Relatives were allowed to bring us water, some food and clothes. No one fed us, so we ate our food. I had a coat, but later in winter they took it. I was put in a wagon and sent to "Polgograd" [*], where I stayed for six days. Then they collected people to go to work in Germany.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5CaT8oYZZ9sh2BxXTAtdHmYHDMQk7Ep_16Xu7zpnWZyIGABQNmhGXQ8ruyWEJUBuGaW_ZQ9z4tdNHiGlHWuyltSD9UscHuDx4nu2r7yKWjgeM2Yao54fFXjrrttalL76ojCZC4uq-3BI/s1600/DSC_2353_edit_sm_crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5CaT8oYZZ9sh2BxXTAtdHmYHDMQk7Ep_16Xu7zpnWZyIGABQNmhGXQ8ruyWEJUBuGaW_ZQ9z4tdNHiGlHWuyltSD9UscHuDx4nu2r7yKWjgeM2Yao54fFXjrrttalL76ojCZC4uq-3BI/s400/DSC_2353_edit_sm_crop.jpg" width="327" /></a> The trip was horrible, there were no stops and we were in locked cattle wagons, men and women together. We were brought to Germany, to Saalfeld [most likely Saalfeld/Saale in Germany's federal state Thuringia]. When we entered in the station it was New Year and the Germans were partying. <br /><br />With 21 other girls I went by bus to a small village: Lichte. They put us up in barracks with three floor bunk beds, I was in the first. When we were practicing magic to know the future, we burned our toilet. [The prisoners most likely conducted a “spell” that required burning something, which they did in the toilet bowl.] <br /><br />We were working in a porcelain manufacturing plant on the third floor. There were also other foreigners, from France and elsewhere. They divided us, and I was tasked with making handles for cups. It wasn’t a hard work. Some of the girls were firing the dishes and this work was harder [porcelain is heated to extremely high temperatures in its final production phase]. No one was checking after me, how I was working and they didn’t beat or shout at us. There I had the sign “OST” on my left arm, but I didn't wear it for a long time. In the factory we usually were dancing and singing all the time, it was funny. <br /><br />My working hours were from 8 am to 5 pm. On Saturdays we were cleaning up and on Sundays we didn’t have to work. Instead, we were showering, had walks in a wood and along a stream near the factories, or we went to the cinema. We had the same holidays as Germans: Christmas, New Year etc. Some times I received postcards from home. <br /><br />From our group of girls one was chosen and put to work in the kitchen to cook food that we were used to: She was cooking borscht and boiled potatoes, five or six per person. There was enough food and on weekends even more, sometimes meat. <br /><br />I had long hair before, but I cut it when I was in Germany because that was the fashion in those times. I was very pretty and in Germany, the French Jean was courting me. He proposed to marry me and go to France together, but I refused because I knew that I would never go back home. <br /><br />When the Germans lost the city of Kharkov, they didn’t allow us to go to the cinema any more, because in front of it hung a newspaper. Not far from our factory there was a crematory in which Germans were burning people. One day they took us there to frighten us. From the pipes was coming out a yellow smoke, it was very scary. <br /><br />On the 8th of March we had a protest and sewed ourselves red platok [a Russian headscarf] to put on the head. <br /><br />I was working there for three and a half years. We were set free by Americans. They gave us jackets and I remember that they were chewing gums all the time. We had wooden shoes and we were knocking on the concrete as a sign of protest. [It's not clear when and where exactly this fits into Stanislava Karkach's narrative.] <br /><br />The Americans put us in big cars, they took me into the cabin and drove us three hundred kilometers to Poland. In the car, one of them gave me a piece of chocolate and after that I drove the car for the first time - that was insane! On the way back, we were able to sell a few things to buy bread. <br /><br />When I came back from Germany, I moved to Dnepropetrovsk, to work as an accountant. Then I moved to Konstantinovka. Now I am 89 years old and I live with my daughter, one of my two kids. My husband was a pilot.<br />
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B.http://www.blogger.com/profile/05608463673172327876noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-71393987191168598442013-04-28T11:37:00.000-07:002013-05-20T02:10:05.730-07:00Sofia Cernobriva<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="en-US">Interviewed
by Tatiana (Moldova), Yan (Ukraine), René (Austria) in the living
room of her home in Konstantinovka on April 5th, 2013. Text in square
brackets serves as explanation and commentary added by the
interviewers. An asterisk [*] denotes locations that could not be
verified for sure.</span></i></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i>
</span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="en-US">Sofia
Cernobriva was born on 1</span><sup><span lang="en-US">st</span></sup><span lang="en-US">
of June 1931 in the little village of Pokutiv, Kamena-Podoliskaia
region. When aged 11 she was deported to Germany to serve 3 years as
a forced worker. “We had to use worn clothes from Jewish people to
produce blankets. We found gold teeth and watches inside of the
clothes.”</span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxjhsF25ZDmC66B2q6zRotScflLQL4s2zP2hfsZ_hDSCZ3NeaCPVXB7MApAS1BaO7KabfsYKnWcMYapOS7jxJpwCmfk1joxfT6RabIAUiJSfDMLoCbz3gB-RpAgVScLLmxw9YWIQECe_WQ/s1600/DSC00681.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxjhsF25ZDmC66B2q6zRotScflLQL4s2zP2hfsZ_hDSCZ3NeaCPVXB7MApAS1BaO7KabfsYKnWcMYapOS7jxJpwCmfk1joxfT6RabIAUiJSfDMLoCbz3gB-RpAgVScLLmxw9YWIQECe_WQ/s320/DSC00681.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Olga Gluhovo (88), Yan (19) from Kiew, Sofia Cernobriva<br />
(82) and Tatiana (20) from Moldova (from left to right)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">LIFE
BEFORE THE WAR</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="en-US">How
was your life before the Second World War? How were the conditions of
your childhood?</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">My
father worked in a mine in Gurcencov and had a good salary. I was
raised by my grandfather and lived with him. I was very little and I
had to help in the household. The taxes were very high, especially
for people without children. We were very poor and lived in a small
hut in very bad conditions owning a few old furniture. The clothes
were given from one generation to the other. For eating we only had
mamaliga </span><span lang="en-US">[</span><span lang="en-US">corn
porridge</span><span lang="en-US">]</span><span lang="en-US">
and borsch </span><span lang="en-US">[</span><span lang="en-US">vegetable
soup</span><span lang="en-US">]</span><span lang="en-US">.
My grandfather owned a cow and therefore we had some milk and cream.
We only ate meat for a few holidays. My little sister, who is two
years younger than me, was brought up by my mother. In the winter
just before school started, my mother picked me up and I could stay
with her for some months. My father always brought money for my
mother. I only attended school for two years until the war began.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>What
did your parents think about communism?</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">My
parents never talked with me about communism. I was too young so I
had no opinion. The communists did not take our belongings or
properties. But all churches were destroyed in the period before the
war. When the Germans arrived they were reopened. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4dtc1ZOW-vp6nFdCovlyhDVuzAMdPfGy8EdeTzkkayjhIoT5uTokK3Mpv41NToQ4EBMUB64m_e_SduzxRdzE8yR_EK2vNNOH2KQ3k_3o6KycECZMAur8pgHx7_WwUD1cT8tXKY_xeoMGr/s1600/DSC00671_gedreht.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4dtc1ZOW-vp6nFdCovlyhDVuzAMdPfGy8EdeTzkkayjhIoT5uTokK3Mpv41NToQ4EBMUB64m_e_SduzxRdzE8yR_EK2vNNOH2KQ3k_3o6KycECZMAur8pgHx7_WwUD1cT8tXKY_xeoMGr/s320/DSC00671_gedreht.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1944: Sofia Cernobriva as a forced<br />
worker in Germany when aged 13<br />
<br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">LIFE
DURING THE WAR</span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>What
did media say about the approaching German army? </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">We
had no newspaper or radio, I was only reading a children's book.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>How
did you find out there is war?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">Some
administrators from neighboring towns came to us and told us that war
had started. Jewish people in our village began to cry.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>How
were your first feelings about war?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">I
was sitting on a stone fence and saw our army moving back. After that
the Germans approached our village. Some ammunition was exploding
with very loud whistling. It sounded like there were many flies
around and I ran faster to my home waving my hand. I was so little
and did not understand the situation what was happening.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">Did
you think about running away from home as other people did?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">Where
should I have gone? Only Jews, communists and partisans were running
away because they were afraid of repressions. Ordinary people were
not so afraid of war. The most important things for them were their
homes where they lived, so they stayed.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>How
did the Germans treat the people?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">The
Germans behaved well, but it depended on each German. Some of them
were good to us but others not. 7 kilometers from our village there
were mass graves, many Jews were shot. There were a lot of mass
graves but many people inside of them were still not dead. They were
only shot in their legs or arms but still alive when new victims were
falling down into the mass grave on top of them. Therefore it is
called mass grave.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>How
were you forced to leave Soviet Union and go to Germany?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 10); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0.75pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">I was
only 11 years old and the Germans had rules to take only people above
14 years. A notice from our village’s administration came to my
grandparents and told them that they have to go to Germany for work.
So I would have had anybody to take care of me. Therefore I was taken
together with my grandparents. My grandfather thought that the
Germans would send us home due to his old age, my grandmother’s
sickness and my youth. </span></span></span>
</div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<b>Did
you think to run away?</b></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">When
someone ran away and was caught he was beaten very strongly. Those
people did not survive the end of the war and its victory. They had
a lot of fear to run away...</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Could
you please tell us about the transport to Germany?</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">When
we arrived at Krakow they sent us in a shower room and put some
chemical lotion on us to disinfect us. They put our clothes into a
pot to kill all the parasites and we had to go to a doctor where our
health was checked before entering Germany. It was in Krakow when I
ate for the very first time a small piece of chocolate which some
Polish woman gave to me. </span></span></span>
</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0.64cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYbvhItadyiq6os65YGRcOLz_AuQTtU8w3oPLhQLyb3V_4LZ1rbWh1Ki7hcJBTKHaAW50-bjqw8-0khQZqfKKPBA6YlDnuR86nfNXMPYV398Gy3X7kqRU4PEXbTyomwANB5shH_aYht6ar/s1600/DSC00636.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYbvhItadyiq6os65YGRcOLz_AuQTtU8w3oPLhQLyb3V_4LZ1rbWh1Ki7hcJBTKHaAW50-bjqw8-0khQZqfKKPBA6YlDnuR86nfNXMPYV398Gy3X7kqRU4PEXbTyomwANB5shH_aYht6ar/s320/DSC00636.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sofia Cernobriva </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Where
did you arrive in Germany?</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">We
arrived in Reichersdorf </span><span lang="en-US">[*]</span><span lang="en-US">
</span><span lang="en-US">where we were chosen to work in
different factories, farms and camps. Red-haired Elisa took us with
her. It was a big farm with a two-storey building. Some other
Ostarbeiter were there when we arrived. I had to sleep with my Granny
in a small room on the floor. The mattress there was filled with hay.
The boss of the farm gave us every day different work tasks. I
usually had to peel potatoes together with my Granny or work in the
household, for example washing the floor or the dishes. At 12 am we
had lunch but I could make some little breaks during work. The food
we got was not very bad. Usually we ate corn porridge, soup and a few
times some meat.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>What
happened when someone got sick?</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">There
was a Russian doctor in Kaliningrad who settled down in Germany after
World War I and he came to our farm if anybody needed help.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Did
you celebrate any holidays?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">No,
we did not have any holidays.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>What
do you especially remember about your life on the farm?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">A
long road with many orchard trees. We only could take fruits which
were lying on the ground. However, picking fruits from the tree was
not allowed to us. Once a boy picked plums from the tree and he got
heavily punished.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><br />
</b></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Have
you ever been beaten in Germany?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">No,
because I always listened, obeyed all rules and did my work
perfectly. So I had no problems. I remember that I was afraid to use
the toilet in the main building because it was so clean and very
white. When friends of the family came to the farm I had to wash the
dishes after the meals. All food they left on the plates I could eat
afterwards. So that is why I had an almost normal life and enough
food.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiisMb1YruJMgeBXeymaQ7rychdg1fPOyKMwaRHc1fft8RZJQaUCPMwvP7gKXwwvGHQChI1Z91revZB8jIMEXa-UmzuZ20INatXQHoowvk70JPB9wQX_qAb3OnF-P33xVvKUOw0_l7Z-Jk_/s1600/DSC00634.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiisMb1YruJMgeBXeymaQ7rychdg1fPOyKMwaRHc1fft8RZJQaUCPMwvP7gKXwwvGHQChI1Z91revZB8jIMEXa-UmzuZ20INatXQHoowvk70JPB9wQX_qAb3OnF-P33xVvKUOw0_l7Z-Jk_/s320/DSC00634.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><br />
</b></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Do
you remember if you had to wear an “OST” patch?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">We
only had to wear the “OST” patch when we went to the city.
However, I did not put it so the Germans could not differentiate me
from the others. Sometimes I took photos together with strangers who
were working in the town. In the city lived a policeman and he knew
all people and made checks.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">My
grandfather committed some mistakes at work and therefore the boss of
the farm was not pleased with him, maybe because he was very old and
could not work very well anymore. He sent my grandparents and me to a
factory where stoves were produced. In this factory was an
accountable named Ulbrich. He went with me and showed me where to
take potatoes for food and the alimentary shop. It was my duty to
take care of the shop. After that I had to work in the factory’s
kitchen from 6 am to 6 pm which was my main duty. Furthermore, I
needed to do whatever was told me. Ulbrich said that the shop
assistant should give me some candies and chocolate. Germans told
him, “she is Russian, so she does not need this”. He answered:
“Do you really think that Russians do not want any sweets?”
Ulbrich was a nice person. We were living in barracks and cooking for
ourselves. This was in 1943.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">Finally,
also Ulbrich was not happy with the work my grandfather did and he
sent us to Kaminiec </span><span lang="en-US">[*]</span><span lang="en-US">.
There was a factory where pots for flowers were produced and
conditions became worse. However, we did not spend a long time there
because we had to go to a camp in Bautzen. This was a place where
only old and handicapped people were sent. They gave us only one bowl
of soup and one piece of bread once a day. You could also buy
turnips, a kilogram cost 50 cents.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">Furthermore,
there was a commander who was very kind, he provided some of his own
food to us. For example when he boiled potatoes he also gave me and
some other girl a little bit. She was handicapped and even received
crutches from him.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">I
asked the commander if he allowed me to live and work as a babysitter
because my life would be better there. However, he told me that he
has no rights to do so because I was not above 14 years old.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">This
men tried to do something good to us and sent us to a blanket factory
where we would only have easy work to do. There it was not so bad.
Worn clothes from Jewish people were used to produce blankets. After
the clothes were torn apart they were washed. We found gold teeth and
watches inside of the clothes. When we ate garlic people told us that
we would smell like Jewish.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">My
grandmother got sick and she could not go to work and grandfather
said the same but he was not ill. Again they sent us to Bautzen. I
cried because I did not want to go back there. But they could not
leave me alone.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">When
we came back the commander treated us very bad because he felt
betrayed by us. However, we were lucky because one of the farmers
needed people for work. They brought us in a white car and we lived
there for three years until the war ended. In a small factory we
prepared the pitch for asphalt. I had a monthly salary of only two
Mark. With this money I bought some lemonade and we even spent some
holidays. At New Year we received a Christmas tree. I had German
girlfriends and with them we stole some chocolate from the elder.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">One
day something bad happened. Near the factory there was a railway
station where prisoners had to work. One night they stole potatoes
from us. I was near when this took place and the guards followed me
with their dogs until they caught me. They thought that I was the
thief. I was lucky because the factory’s boss explained the guards
that it was him who sent me to the shop. If the boss had not saved me
I do not know what would have had happened to me.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div>
</span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Olga Gluhovo (88), Yan (19) from Kiew, Tatiana (20) from</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Moldova and </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Sofia Cernobriva </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">(82) </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">from left to right</span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>LIFE
AFTER THE WAR</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US" style="font-style: normal;">When
Germany lost the war and the fighting came near to our village we
went away to take </span><span lang="de-DE" style="font-style: normal;">a</span><span lang="en-US">
car to Bohemia. In this moment it was the first time that I saw the
war and death. We saw tanks passing and wounded people running away.
Then we were found and got home. I had Czech documents and could have
stayed in Bohemia. But I missed my mother and my sister very much,
therefore we just returned home. There my grandfather was put into
prison for five years. My mother had founded another family with new
kids and did not accept me. She told me go away and construct my own
life. </span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="en-US">[starts
crying]</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">After
that I lived with my grandmother but she died soon. I was 17 years
old and was completely alone. I had a garden with 30 are and went to
work on a Kolkhoz 350 days a year.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>How
did the neighbours and other people treat you when they found out
that you were an “Ostarbeiter”?</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">The
biggest part of our village’s people were in Germany. After we came
back home the KGB interviewed all of us. We were not allowed to work
in military factories producing goods for our army. </span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="en-US">[showing
the massive distrust against Ostarbeiters after the war] </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">Generally,
anybody knew about my past in Germany, only some family members.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-77188329472811490062013-04-26T08:15:00.001-07:002013-04-26T08:15:34.998-07:00Nikolai Zakablucnii Grigorievici.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <i>Interviewed by Daniela, Valentina, Kim and Benjamin in the living room of his home in Konstantinovka on April 5th, 2013. Text in square brackets serves as explanation and commentary added by the interviewers. An asterisk [*] denotes locations that could not be verified for sure. </i><br /><br /> I was born on March 16th 1936 in Konstantinovka. I am a descendant of cossacks. My great-grandfather was serving in the army under Bogdan Hmelnikov [Bohdan Khmelnytsky?]. For good service, Bogdan gave to his soldiers land property. These lands passed into the possession of my parents, so our family had a rich life. But when the communists came to power they took everything away. One of my brothers died when he was small. I was the oldest of the remaining children and had three more sisters and another brother.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwlHDL3dbDRLCGlZdHQ_seNkEEc2lseud4aYv-qiS1zIVlye3qEi79FA2BVTjKtqkYNWLJ8i_c_o7W082jVcSAO6QDXhnLfuzTr26gIGOlmMtv_6knsJr4fQQRqpcILDqZHMhoaQK0_sI/s1600/DSC_2034_edit2_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwlHDL3dbDRLCGlZdHQ_seNkEEc2lseud4aYv-qiS1zIVlye3qEi79FA2BVTjKtqkYNWLJ8i_c_o7W082jVcSAO6QDXhnLfuzTr26gIGOlmMtv_6knsJr4fQQRqpcILDqZHMhoaQK0_sI/s400/DSC_2034_edit2_sm.jpg" width="267" /></a></div>
When the war started I was five years old. The Germans threatened to shoot us with the Jews so my father took two of my sisters and during the night they fled to the Nikolayevskaya/Mykolaivs'ka Oblast [region]. After some time, my younger sister followed as well. There the people lived well because of the kolkhoz [collective farm]. <br /><br /> My father worked in a high position in the municipality. In spring 1938 he got very sick because he was hiding in the basement from Germans. [Very likely the exact year is misremembered, as Germany didn't enter war with the Soviet Union until 1941.] After that he died. Police took my youngest sister to Belgium when they found her while she was on a walk. My oldest sister got married and the third was making ropes out of hemp. Only my mother and I remained home. <br /><br /> In spring the German police came to our place too. I remember how they said “Schnell, schnell, schnell, kleine Kinder, aufstehen!” [“Quick, little children, get up!”]. They gave us fifteen minutes to gather some things and took us away. We went to Hersn [*, probably Kherson in Southern Ukraine], then to Peremeshal/Peremesel [*], where we were divided according to our capacity to work. People older than fifty years weren't taken. Then they told us to take off our clothes and we were examined. The physically healthy were sent to Germany. We were sent to Poland. There we only stayed three days because there were too many people in the camp. After a one day march we arrived at a new camp. <br /><br /> In this camp there also was my oldest sister, who was pregnant, as well as her husband and his sister, who was fourteen. There we lived under bad conditions because we got less to eat, only “briukhva” [turnip soup], and for many people it wasn't enough. In the morning police took away the bodies of those who died during the night in a wheelbarrow. <br /><br /> One day, they gathered over thirty people, including my family, near the camp. They put us in a row and we understood that buyers were to come and select some slaves. Guards and buyers signed some papers, as did my whole family, but we didn't know where we were going. <br /><br /> It was to a family named Rabin, the man was Polish, his wife Elsa was German. They had seven children. I knew Polish perfectly and that's how we communicated in the family. On the first evening they gave us sugared hot water, the next day the same with a piece of dry bread. They knew not to give us too much food otherwise we would have died because of our empty stomachs. After that, we sat at the same table and worked together. <br /><br /> Frau Elsa trusted my mother to do all the work: Cook the food, clean the house and milk the cows, of which they had sixteen. Every morning the police came in a car to take the milk, in exchange for our work there. The family was also given more land for us to work on. Once, police came to take me, but they were drunk so I ran away. When they took me a second time, I ran away again, to the river Vistula, which was near, and hid in the dry grass. It was winter and I stayed there till morning. After this happened, the family hid me in a kind of room under the stove, where they also kept potatoes. <br /><br /> After some time my family moved to another house. We worked and ate there together with the owners. For sleeping we had our own home. There were cases when that family hid English paratroopers, which was a very big risk. <br /><br /> One day my mother and I went to grab some potatoes from the field. We saw four planes, two German and the other Soviet, which were shooting at each other. The Soviet planes also started to shoot at us, but they only hid the bucket with potatoes. <br /><br /> I also have some good memories about this time. For example I remember one German speaking Russian, who secretly gave me some pieces of sugar. He was also saying that Hitler's ideas are bad, as are the things he is doing. <br /><br /> Our village was near “Grabina”, “Pilzna” [*]. A man told us that the Soviet Army passed “Pilzna” [*] and suggested that we stay there because “Stalin doesn't forget the people who were in Germany”. But my mother wanted to go home, knowing her children would be there as well. We went home by train and in “Peremeshal/Peremesel” [*] they examined as again. <br /><br /> When we arrived home, it was already given to another family. For some time we lived in our grandfather's house. My mother went to work in a sovhoz [state-owned farm]. My sister Nadia, who in Belgium had also been in a nice family, came home. We built another house. Our neighbors didn't know that we had been in Germany. <br /><br /> Sometimes drunk Soviets came, not knowing where they were and asked about the Germans. [It's not clear when and where exactly this anecdote fits into Nikolai Grigorievicis narrative.] <br /><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
My sister introduced me to a friend of hers, who was very kind and hard-working. We didn't date, but we got married. I built my own home with my own hands. My wife didn't know about the fact that I was in Germany for fifteen years. When I told her she reacted positively.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">After the war I worked in the
Konstantinovka glass factory. I started as a hard-working laborer but
after some years I was promoted. Many times my photo was on the honor
wall. At the holiday's demonstrations they were screaming: “To the
commander Zakablucnii Nikolai Ura Ura” [laughing]. <br /><br /> Today I'm really happy having a very good wife.</span></span><br />
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B.http://www.blogger.com/profile/05608463673172327876noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-44039006932785957612013-04-22T10:50:00.000-07:002013-05-20T02:10:26.545-07:00Maria Arhypivna Kostyuchenko<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="uk-UA"><i>Interview by Olya, Pia, Jakob and Philipp on
April 5th, 2013 in her home in Konstantinovka. </i></span><span lang="en-US"><i>Text
in square brackets serves as explanation and commentary added by the
interviewers.</i></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<b style="text-align: left;">Life before the war: famine and repression</b></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="en-US">I was born on July 30 1921 in Cherepyn village,</span><span lang="uk-UA">
Cherkassy region, Korsun-Shevchenko district, formerly Kyyiivska
region. </span><span lang="en-US">There were 6 girls in my</span><span lang="uk-UA">
family.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyOjg5w50bbie_gGxiZPNM4KShnSyDQN6-OFuS5ADpIIFqnh7kymGcLLvQkU9Q5lJSUciZq1dYzxLSAwWraCjSykrFuHAx0dGOYelA84lmTEpWVCDnIUeWBO1HAmA85w0TYwodTLRoGPhD/s1600/IMGP0199_edit_resized.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyOjg5w50bbie_gGxiZPNM4KShnSyDQN6-OFuS5ADpIIFqnh7kymGcLLvQkU9Q5lJSUciZq1dYzxLSAwWraCjSykrFuHAx0dGOYelA84lmTEpWVCDnIUeWBO1HAmA85w0TYwodTLRoGPhD/s320/IMGP0199_edit_resized.jpg" width="320" /></a><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">During the </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">collectivization
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">period</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">,</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
we lived in v</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">illage 10 km from
Korsun-Shevchenko</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">, which is</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
now an</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">almost
extinct village. </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">From 19</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">29
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">I </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">remember
everything - I was already 8 </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">years old </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">-
how the horse were collected </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"><i>[by the
collective farms], </i></span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">during the day
horses were collected and in the </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">evening
people take</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> them </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">home
again. </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">“<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulak" target="_blank">Kulaks</a>”</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
were taken to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solovki_prison_camp" target="_blank">Solovki</a>, but </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">from the
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">villagers only cows and horses were taken
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">to</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> the </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">collective
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">farm</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"><i> [kolkhoz]</i></span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">.
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">We received </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">only
6 acres of land.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">I also remember <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" target="_blank">famine of 1931-32</a> - i</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">t
was terrifying, people </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">died</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">,
they were eating grass or weeds, I can not tell - </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"><i>[starts
to cry]</i></span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> In our village many </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">people
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">died, whole families, </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">in
some families only two people were left</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">,
two families </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">ate </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">their
children.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">One family </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">had boy</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
of 8-9 years, </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">who </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">went
to school, and another </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">child </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">heard,
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">how the </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">father
and mother </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">discussed </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">who</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">m
they should kill </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">first. The s</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">maller
one </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">was a bit silly - he walked across the
field to collect ears </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"><i>[of grain]</i></span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
and the </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">older </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">knew
everything and did not want to do </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">it </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">-
so </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">older brother was k</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">illed</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
first</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">, and </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">parents
even </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">did not have time to cut </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">him
apart and </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">ate him</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
as he was</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">. The younger brother hid on the
stove, and in</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> the </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">morning
fled, but later he </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">was </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">found.
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">The head of oldest son was </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">hidden
under manure, and</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">the
next day the people in the village asked, where the eldest son was.
The parents answered, that he went for mushrooms</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
or</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> went fishin</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">g.</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
When the neighbor's pig dug </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">manure and
found the head and </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">brought </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">that
to the </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">neighbors, then people told </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">this
to the </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">silsoviet </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"><i>[local
authorities]</i></span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> and </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">they
were arrested</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">.</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
Also the same situation was with a </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">woman
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">who </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">lived alone
and </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">had </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">two
children</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">. She killed </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">one
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">daughter and hide her body with a coat</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">.
P</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">eople also began to ask, where the girl
was, </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">she</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> was
about</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">four years</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
old </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">- and </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">she was
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">also arrested. As I know, the first did not
return to the village, and the </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">second
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">returned. </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">She
t</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">raveled by train , sitting on</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
stairs of the car. Then she </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">fell </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">down
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">under the train and her feet were cut off.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">People a</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">te </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">also
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">dogs and cats, we had beets and potatoes,
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">also we had</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
hidden a bit of grain, </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">so we could survive</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">,
then leaves ground up </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">we</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
made </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">flour</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">, but
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">in </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">the </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">19</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">33
- it was a terrible famine, the people </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">used
to die on the roads.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">Our mother </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">seemed </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">to
be from </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">kulak family – </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">she
had good </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">dowry, </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">and
our</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> father tried</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
to ex</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">change </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">different
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">things </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">from the
house </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"><i>[for food]</i></span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">.
One time, when there was</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> already nothing to
take </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">from </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">the
house,</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> and he </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">came
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">back home </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">with
nothing, he </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">was </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">robbed
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">in the </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">train</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">.
During the spring time the life was better – we could eat fried
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">ears</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">,</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
leaves, nettle, linden, spruce shoots and roots. </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">We
s</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">urvived </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">with
help of others who sto</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">le</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
something from </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">the farm</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
(kolchoz)</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> if it was possible. But </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">if
you were arrested, </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">it meant that </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">you
would never return to </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">the village.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">In 1938 </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">my </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">father
Archipp, who </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">had </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">last
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">name </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">Stefan was
accused </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">as Polish or German </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">spy.
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"><i>[It is unclear what exactly happened to
the father and wether he survived the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge" target="_blank">great terror</a>]</i></span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
My grandfather was a </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">brigadir </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"><i>[foreman]</i></span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
on the kolkhoz</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"><i>,</i></span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
but in 1938 he was charged as an </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">“enemy
of the people”</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">, though he only grew
beets. Two or three months after his arrest he was executed. In </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">19</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">56
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">our family received the document about </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">his
rehabilitation, but the stigma </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">of the
“</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">enemy of the people</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">”</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">still was with our </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">family.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<b style="text-align: left;">Life in Turkmenistan during the second world
war</b></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">In 1938 I graduated from high school and w</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">as</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
sent to Turkmenistan </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">for</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
work - I was a nurse. Information about </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">war
I</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> got </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">from</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
the radio</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> and </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">newspapers,
but </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">I have not seen </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">the
war </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">closely</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">Two of my sisters were captured to work in
Germany, but o</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">ne escaped, and the other </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">one
could</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> not. My older sister Oksana </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">was
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">taken</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> by</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
the Germans and became an Ostarbeiter in Germany. </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">From
my sister’s m</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">emories </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">–
her hostess was harmful – she never gave enough food and forced her
to work very hard</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">. </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">After
the war Oksana </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">married a P</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">olish
man </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">and</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> had</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
children there </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"><i>[in Poland]</i></span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">,
but she used to come to Ukraine </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">in Soviet
times.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="en-US">My other sister </span><span lang="uk-UA">escaped
- she hid away from the village, and then returned home, and then
moved to h</span><span lang="en-US">er</span><span lang="uk-UA">
uncle's home in the Poltava region.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">When the mobilization</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> <i>[of soldiers]</i> began</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">, Turkmens started </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">running away to </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">the plains, </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"><i>[and
if they were captured, they were]</i></span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> sent</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtrafbat" target="_blank">penalty - battalion</a>. Someone rubbed
tobacco in his eyes </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"><i>[to simulate an
infection of the eye and not be drafted into the army]</i></span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">, another </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">put eight </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">needles
under </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">his</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
knees,</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> so he got treatment but he would
still limp. T</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">hen </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">he was sent to the </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">X-ray </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">procedure
and the doctor found </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">the needles. Then </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">he was send to penalty – battalion</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">My husband and I met in the hospital,</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
I</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> was a nurse at the commission,</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
and my husband </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">was injured - he </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">has
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">injured thigh bones. </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">He
was </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">from Smolensk Oblast on the border with
Belarus, but </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">he had an </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">Ukrainian
surname — Kostyuchenko.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">For </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">5 years I could not
write to my family, and</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> when </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">mother
received a letter after the </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">war</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">-
my mother could not read - she ran onto the field and found the
people who helped her to read that her daughter is alive.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="uk-UA"><b>Return to Ukraine</b></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">I r</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">eturned back to
Ukraine in 1945 or 46. After the war, it was hard</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">
time. </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">A bucket of potatoes </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">cost
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">100 rubles, the salary was 300 rubles –
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">we always tried to </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">calculate
how much </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">we</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"> can
eat during the day. </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">We took </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">bread
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">per ration card – for my husband </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">it
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">was </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">600g, </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">for
me and my </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">child 400</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">g</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
– </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">so we tried to wait </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">to
gather the whole loaf, then exchanged </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">it
with </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">a neighbor </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">for
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">a bucket of potatoes.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">When I heard on the radio that had Stalin died </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;"><i>[in
1953]</i></span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">, people were crying, but I was
</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">happy and said - </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">why
you had not died</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> earlier</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
— then my father would not have had such problems.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">The best </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">time </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">was
when we moved to the Crimea in </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">19</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">59.
On the farm it was very</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> hard</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">
work – and </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">in </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">the
Crimea </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">there was a </span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">plant,
baths, shops, vineyards. </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">We had enough
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">bread, </span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">and owned
</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">the farm house.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" class="western" lang="de-DE" style="margin-bottom: 0.35cm;">
<span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;">I wish no one s</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">uffers
hunger and war, even though I did not hear the bombs, but the famine
was in Turkmenistan</span><span lang="en-US" style="text-align: left;"> also</span><span lang="uk-UA" style="text-align: left;">.</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-78995334124419495432013-04-22T03:34:00.001-07:002013-04-22T03:46:51.500-07:00МЕЛЬНИКОВА МАРІЯ НЕСТОРІВНА<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">- Розкажіть про
життя до війни.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Я народилась 18
серпня 1926 року у Полтавській області, а у Голод приїхали сюди у Костянтинівку.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Я сирота. Мені
було 10 місяців як у мене мама померла. Мене виховував батько. Коли ми приїхали
у Костянтинівку, ми жили у парку. Братів і сестер у мене не було. Я навчалась у
школі №16, закінчила сім класів. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">- Як Ви пережили
Голодомор?</span></i><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">В 1932 році
розпочався Голод. Прийшли, позабирали все і каструлі поперевертали. Батька
забрали разом з мішками, а я залишилась з бабою. Коли баба померла, батька
випустили. Потім батько запропонував і ми поїхали на Донбас. От так і досі тут
живу.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Коли ми сюди
приїхали батькові було 32 роки, а мені – 6. От по смітниках ходила. Батько на
роботі, а мені казав йти і щось на смітниках шукати. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">- Де батько
працював? </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">На заводі Фрунзе,
тут у Костянтинівці. Тут він і помер. Дали нам одну кімнатку. З однієї сторони
ТИР, де стріляли, а з іншої ми з батьком жили. А вже в 1946 році я пішла тут на
роботу, тоді вже купила дім. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">- Розкажіть як
Ви дізнались, що розпочалась війна. </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Я почула по
радіо. Почали бомбити. Батько викопав підвал, і ми там сиділи. Почали снаряди
летіти, все палили. Батько й мачуха на городі були. А я була в хаті коли зайшов
російський солдат і сказав, що якщо я не хочу їхати в Німеччину на роботу, то
він мене зґвалтує. Я почала кричати. Він сказав, що якщо я не хочу, то він
напише довідку, я піду на біржу і заберуть в Німеччину. А якщо сховаюся або
втечу, то розстріляє батька і матір. Мені нічого не залишалось робити. А зранку
прийшли додому, забрали і відвели на біржу, а з біржі відвезли в Донецьк. Там
нас тримали 2 тижні, поки не зібрали весь склад. Батько залишився тут. Він
працював у воєнній охороні</span>.<span style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">В травні 1942
року ми поїхали в Німеччину. Везли нас в товарних вагонах. Солома була на
підлозі, туалет також був у вагоні. Не пам</span>’<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">ятаю скільки точно, але багато нас там було.
Зупинку робили у Житомирі. І ми хотіли втекти з вагону. Нас було 12, але нас <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">видали</span>. Після того нас сильно
побили німецькі солдати. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Приїхали ми в
місто Айзенах. Привезли нас на самольотну фабрику, на якій робили деталі для
літаків.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Поселили нас в дерев’яні бараки.
Вони були двоповерхові. На роботу нас водили до фабрики із собаками. Ми
займались прибиранням. Перший рік прибирали на заводі, на території, на
цвинтарі. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Були на заводі станки. Я пам</span>’<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">ятаю німка одна працювала на станку. Вона
мене і вчили, показувала як все робити. А потім стояв токарний станок. Прути
вставляли. Якщо не було браку, тоді все було добре, але якщо зробили щось не
так, тоді карали. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9jsjDz7NfblQQ_gNJ7wB3ORlXUbt1PDw93nFSc3rFyWeNikMy76-wtWbDOkrbPGDWr43Mrg_d925mIN8y7_e3FDJD5Lj-mQ2z_83FDXKmRf0JqaQcctBPMsf_78iAVroSRg03TTwchQJ2/s1600/IMG_1902+-+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9jsjDz7NfblQQ_gNJ7wB3ORlXUbt1PDw93nFSc3rFyWeNikMy76-wtWbDOkrbPGDWr43Mrg_d925mIN8y7_e3FDJD5Lj-mQ2z_83FDXKmRf0JqaQcctBPMsf_78iAVroSRg03TTwchQJ2/s400/IMG_1902+-+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F.JPG" width="248" /></a><span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">Чи були
у Вас друзі у таборі?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Так, була дівчина
із Костянтинівки. Але вона вже померла.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">А що Ви
їли?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Ми їли шпинат і
брукву. Хліба ми не бачили. Через зміну клімату, на наших руках рани повикидало.
Поприлипає одяг до шкіри, а як скидаєш, то кров тече. Ми не хотіли їсти той
шпинат. Там була німка. Коли бачить, що ми не хочемо їсти, візьме і поперекидає
наші тарілки і каже, починайте їсти із підлоги. Заставляли нас їсти. Потім
звикли і вже почали їсти, їсти ж хочеться. Інколи крали картоплю, але після
того були покарані. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">Хто вас
визволив?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Нас визволили
американці 9 травня. Потім Сталін видав наказ, що ми вороги народу, і щоб не
везли по домах, а по колгоспах поки прибирання не закінчиться. Не пам’ятаю в
якому саме селі ми були на прибиранні урожаю. Чоловіки косили, а ми в’язали
снопи і складали їх. Сіно заграбали. А коли ми вже мали їхати додому, тоді нас
не пускали у вагони. Ми в тамбурах їхали додому. Працювали, страждали іще
виявились ворогами народу. Ми ж не винні, що нас туди забрали. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">Вас
відразу відпустили додому?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Так. Ми прямо
поїхали додому. Але перед тим, ще в Німеччині, в нас був медичний огляд. Після
того, нас відправили в село на прибирання. І в листопаді я вже була вдома. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">Як склалось
Ваше життя після війни?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Дочка і син
молодший померли, і чоловік помер. Я зараз живу із старшим сином, невісткою і
онуками. Після того як Сталін видав наказ, до нас ставились дуже погано, як до
ворогів народу. Коли я приїхала з Німеччини, батько мене влаштував працювати на
завод, ученицею на кран. 6 місяців я була ученицею, а потім самостійно почала
працювати. 35 років до пенсії на крані працювала, а потім після пенсії
працювала у гаражі, і сторожем у школі. Де я тільки не працювала. У мене 64
роки робочого стажу. Я перестала працювати, коли мені було 76 років. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Чоловіка мого
паралізувало і він помер. Пив дуже сильно. 46 років ми прожили разом,
намучилась я з ним. І в тюрму його садила, і їздили провідувати його туди, аж в
Туркменістан, і з тюрми зустрічала. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">Чи
розповідали Ви комусь про те, що були в Німеччині?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Було дуже важко
після війни. Чоловік мене бив за те, що я працювала в Німеччині. Я йому не
розказувала, старалась приховати, але мачуха мене видала. Вона не хотіла, щоб я
за нього заміж виходила. Вона обзивала мене «кобилою німецькою». Важко було. Але
діти мої знали про моє важке минуле. Я ні від кого не приховувала, що працювала
в Німеччині, лише від свого чоловіка.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Чи </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">спілкувались Ви із іншими «остарбайтерами»
із Костянтинівки?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Життя було
настільки важке, що я ні з ким не спілкувалась. Я не хотіла про це говорити ні
з ким</span><span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">Ви
отримували компенсацію від Німеччини?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Нам приходило
повідомлення і ми йшли в банк забирати гроші. Спочатку, ми отримали німецькі
марки, а потім євро. Але скільки точно, я вже не пам’ятаю. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">Коли
перестали «остарбайтерів» вважати зрадниками народу? Коли Ви це відчули?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Тепер вже так не
ставляться. Але, чесно кажучи, я не пам’ятаю, щоб до мене ставились погано.
Тільки коли я отримувала паспорт в 20 років, тому що всі в 16 отримували, але
ми ж були у Німеччині в той час, то поліцейські кричали, що німці от
поприїжджали сюди. Я була сама по собі, одинока. В мене не було друзів, як
таких. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">А Ви
релігійна людина?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Я і вірю і не
вірю в Бога. Я вірю лише в свої руки.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUw8RkMSd3TCAwz_M7ddEHaEmEpKQLWECBGOc_Ol3BvOUo2euiRlZSVgS7yeBHq1XM5Mq6aebursTw65HEdOQ5qfQCTiIn3HKdad74ugzOPxz6jCDSNL7fY-h4drtfLVz1QdTQba2X8QrP/s1600/IMG_1906.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUw8RkMSd3TCAwz_M7ddEHaEmEpKQLWECBGOc_Ol3BvOUo2euiRlZSVgS7yeBHq1XM5Mq6aebursTw65HEdOQ5qfQCTiIn3HKdad74ugzOPxz6jCDSNL7fY-h4drtfLVz1QdTQba2X8QrP/s400/IMG_1906.JPG" width="277" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="UK" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: UK;">Яке Ваше
ставлення до Німеччини і німців сьогодні? Чи воно змінилось від часів війни?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">В той час
ставлення до Німеччини було погане. А зараз люди інші, і в німців люди хороші
були і в нас також. Одна німкеня мені там бутерброд приносила, щоб я їла, але
нікому не казала. Тому що як дізнається хтось, тоді і її і мене покарали б. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;">Це добре, що ви
всі приїхали, що не забуваєте нас. Всі повинні знати про ті події. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="UK" style="mso-ansi-language: UK;"><i>Інтерв'ю брали Христина Архитка, Кассандра Бекер, Агнезе Ріва, Якоб Ройстер.</i></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-27230990959749188412013-04-20T04:04:00.001-07:002013-04-20T04:13:50.674-07:00Tatiana Samilovna Griliskaia.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">Interviewed
by Daniela, Valentina, Kim and Benjamin in the yard of her home in
Konstantinovka on April 5</span></span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">th</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">,
2013. Text in square brackets serves as explanation and commentary added by
the interviewers. An asterisk [*] denotes locations that could not be verified
for sure.</span></span></i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">I
was born on September 19</span></span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">th</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">
1926 in the Khmelnytskyi Oblast [region]. I grew up as the oldest in
a family of eight children. My parents were called Ana and Samilov.
My father and one of my brothers had work so until the war we were
leading a good life. I went to school for seven years before I was
taken to Germany at the age of 16. It happened on March 9</span></span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">th</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">:
One of my youngest sisters and I went to see the movie “Chepaev”
when the building was surrounded by German and Soviet police in cars.
While my sister wasn't taken, they brought me to the railway station.
My father was allowed to bring me something, so he came with food, a
gray coat, a pair of boots and some other clothes in a small
suitcase.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">I
remember there to be over 47 people in the wagon who were forced also
from other villages. Men and women were kept together. We were on the
train for over a month. The only things we were given were a bin of
water, a cup and some pieces of bread. A hole in the floor had to
serve as a toilet.<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>After
someone ran away at a stop, the police threatened to kill our
families if we tried.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIwt2QtvDj4j_-iAYj4tcHbGd5LkoSRlvQbM54IOM97PlAMuKhwiDhm3shCl_HR_pKcuia635mexaSEIZlymHfa2hMiF9IhcybubUz4ZEeWiCIXH8bxbOPZzjKBJ-ce50qinW-0dlsR2k/s1600/DSC_1909_edit_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIwt2QtvDj4j_-iAYj4tcHbGd5LkoSRlvQbM54IOM97PlAMuKhwiDhm3shCl_HR_pKcuia635mexaSEIZlymHfa2hMiF9IhcybubUz4ZEeWiCIXH8bxbOPZzjKBJ-ce50qinW-0dlsR2k/s400/DSC_1909_edit_sm.jpg" width="267" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">We
first arrived in Lublin, in Poland. There, some old women were
smoking cigars made from tea to make their hearts beat faster, hoping
to be let go. I tried to do the same, smoked three cigars, but the
Germans understood and I wasn't released. In Lublin I stayed in a
camp for a month. There I lived in a barrack in which were
three-story beds made from wood.</span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Afterward
I was taken to “Soest” [*] in Germany. There we were selected,
some of us were sent to German families, others to work in factories.
Those of us who were sent to families were given <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OST-Arbeiter">a white sign saying “OST”</a>. From my village there were six people: two old women and
four young girls born between 1924 and 1926. We, the young girls,
didn't want to be separated so we threw our “OST”-signs into the
toilet. That's why we were sent to a factory in Schwelm<span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> </span>
</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
Schwelm we also lived in barracks near the factory, where we worked
on plane parts and packed them into boxes. But we weren't there for a
long time because the Russians started to bomb the city. We were
happy that during the bombing the Germans were hiding in the
basement, making it possible for us to go to the city to buy
sausages, happy to have something else to eat than “briukhva”
[turnip soup]. We were hiding it under our clothes, rolling them
around our arms, going back to the barracks. The city was bombed
almost every day. That's why we were moved to another city:
Wuppertal.</span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Because
there we were beaten and not fed, we started to protest. The Germans
locked us into the basement and then started to pour smoke into it<span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> </span>
</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">When
Wuppertal was also destroyed we were forced to enter 47 cars, which
brought us to “Schrallburg” [*]. There I was working on plane
parts again. Everyone worked twelve hours, except for me: I smoked
tea and so I had to work longer [presumably as a punishment]. When
all the others went to sleep, I needed to stay to work. One night I
was sitting on a chair and was so tired that I fell asleep. The
Germans felt sorry for me and decided not to wake me up. They just
sat there to watch. When I woke after falling down, I was scared.
They took me to hospital, where they tried to calm me down by giving
me an injection.</span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">After
that I worked in a textile factory. Work wasn't as hard and no one
beat us. We had a quiet life, not even celebrating any holidays. And
still we weren't allowed to leave the factory and I stayed there
until the war was over. I received three post cards from home, but
nothing else.<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>We
were working there until autumn when we were sent to collect apples
and pears which grew near the roads, hiding some under our clothes to
take them with us into the barracks. We put them under the beds so
the Germans wouldn't find them.</span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">I
was freed by the Americans. During the bombing, I was hurt in the leg
[Tatiana Griliskaia here showed us the remaining scars]. The people
from the barracks went to hide in a bunker. Rocks were falling
against the door so all of us were stuck there together: Germans and
Russians. We stayed in the bunker for five days without having any
water or food. When people came to search for survivors they found us
and lifted us out with a wooden bucket<span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> </span>
</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8BX-qfn4XGUtRtndtMZSaQSGIrb9LcRi_WSXmqzssAeT2i5b9S3r8U8MyOcgXSzB6qQJX1Tebyvd7Kp0NbRn_E5nzNV9poYII6wYQtdRDz6m6fen2wUB0KkrvtDVKbpW5n-vUUQX9IMo/s1600/DSC_1934_edit_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8BX-qfn4XGUtRtndtMZSaQSGIrb9LcRi_WSXmqzssAeT2i5b9S3r8U8MyOcgXSzB6qQJX1Tebyvd7Kp0NbRn_E5nzNV9poYII6wYQtdRDz6m6fen2wUB0KkrvtDVKbpW5n-vUUQX9IMo/s400/DSC_1934_edit_sm.jpg" width="267" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Outside,
I lost my consciousness. A nurse gave me a blanket. I didn't know
where to go because there were bombs falling everywhere. Accompanied
by a Russian woman I went to my old factory, where all the workers
had thought I was dead. When the translator [who facilitated
communication between the forced laborers and their captors] and the
others saw me, they came to embrace and kiss me, saying that I'm
“back from the dead”<span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> </span></span>
</div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">After
the liberation we were sent to Germans families. The family where I
was taken treated me very well and was kind to me. We all ate at the
same table, including two Polish [ex-prisoners]. The family had two
sons: A younger man on one of the fronts and an older one, with wife
and two children, on the other. When he wrote letters to his mother,
at the end he always wrote in Russian “Hi to the Russian girl”.
But I didn't learn the German language.</span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">At
the end of the war, I was told to pack my bags and to meet others at
a gathering place, to go home by train. I asked the woman of the
family I was staying at to give me a pillow I loved very much, and
she did. They also gave me some food and a bicycle to go, because the
meeting point was more than three kilometers away. Some
[ex-prisoners] stayed there, but I went further, closer to the Elbe
[river]. We were met by Iurii Zhukov [it's clear from the interview
she meant Georgy Zhukov] himself and being checked on a list. They
were building a bridge on which we were to go home, so we needed to
wait. I worked in a kitchen to clean the potatoes. There somebody
stole my things, including the pillow, which made me very sad.</span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">I
was brought back to the Khmelnytskyi Oblast, to the village
Shepetovka. From there everyone was to go home by their separate
ways. When I came back to my village I saw that a big part of it was
destroyed, including my family home. A lot of people had died, but I
found my whole family alive. The Germans tried to kill them but one
of the soldiers knew Russian and told them to run away – which they
did, and survived. Back at their old home there only remained the
sewing machine which my father had buried in the ground.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span>
</div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">So
we rebuilt our home. During this time, my family had a cow which
helped us survive. Everybody in the village knew I was in Germany,
but then every family had somebody who had been. We were called
“enemies of the nation”. I went to another city far away, where
nobody knew about it, to study in a veterinarian college and get a
profession<span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> </span>
</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Afterward,
I met my husband. He knew all about my past. I went to a kolkhoz
[collective farm] to work and during that time I gave birth to a son.
Later, my husband and I worked for twenty years in a zinc factory in
Konstantinovka. After my husband's death I lived with my son, who had
been divorced and a son of his own. </span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">Unfortunately,
Tatiana Griliskaia has no photos or documents to remind her of the
past.</span></span></i></span></div>
</div>
B.http://www.blogger.com/profile/05608463673172327876noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-62035610608871316302013-04-12T10:19:00.002-07:002013-04-12T10:19:36.678-07:00Last Prisoner Story goes on - What happened this year<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">About the project</span></b>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">After the project “Last Prisoner´s Story” took place
in Konstantinovka in 2011 and its great success for all sides, a follow-up
project happened from the 1st till the 15th of April in 2013. Again young volunteers from different countries
travelled to the city Konstantinovka in Eastern Ukraine (Donetsk Oblast).
Participants of the project work and study in five different countries – in Austria,
Germany, Italy, Moldova and Ukraine. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
aim of the project is to collect biographical interviews of former
“Ostarbeiters”, women and men from Eastern Europe, who were forced to work in
the Third Reich during World War II. Also the project establishes connection and
exchange of youth among the participating countries, by providing space for
informal learning about the past and a working environment in a truly
international groups and conversation between the participants and local youth. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">About our work</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
main aim was to conduct interviews with contemporary witnesses (the former
“Ostarbeiters”) and to spread their stories. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In
the beginning of the project, two historians and members of the Ostarbeiter
Club in Konstantinovka provided workshops on the historical background and
research methods used in the project. Furthermore conducting of interviews was
trained during a public interview with a former “Ostarbeiter”. Since the
interviews touched sensitive topics, the situation of the interview could lead
to emotional and psychological stress for both the interviewees and the
interviewers. For this and other reasons the methodological training on
conducting interviews was crucial. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
work was carried out in internationally assembled groups. All groups conducted
interviews simultaneously in Ukrainian or Russian and English. To preserve the
valuable information, all interviews were recorded and photographs of the
interview situation were taken. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
results of the project will be presented in Konstantinovka in the public library
during a special event. There the personal histories of the interviewed people
will be presented and their stories will be told. All follow-up information of the project and photographs will be communicated on this blog. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Informal learning environment and youth exchange</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Besides those main activities, lots of other things
happened during the project. The project started with a meeting and a warm
welcome by members of the local Ostarbeiter Club in Konstantinovka. During city
walks in Konstantinovka and by visiting its local museum, participants had the
chance to learn about the city´s history and effects of recent historical
changes. The Industrial Technikum in Konstantinovka (KIT) made great efforts to
support the participants´ aim of informal learning by showing its facilities,
its museums of local culture and technical products and presentations made by
its students. A guided trip through the streets of the neighbouring town Artomovsk
conducted by Ms. Natalia Shukova presented once again the colourful past of the
region. During the tour Ms. Shukova presented old pictures of the town and
information about cemeteries of German and Austrian soldiers which were founded
during the occupation of Artemovsk.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> During a conference organized by the High
Professional College in Konstantinovka the participants of the project had the
chance to meet local students and talk and learn about their different
homecountries. By visiting Donetsk - the regions´ cultural and economical
center - and the famous Donbass Arena also touristic interests of the participants
were met. In the town Alexandro Kalinovo which is situated closely to
Konstantinovka, the participants were welcomed by students and teachers of the
local school and also visited the local museum on rural culture and life of the
region. The visit was concluded by a ceremony of planting a tree (called “Kalina”
– a symbol of this specific Ukraine region) in front of the school building and
setting free white doves as a sign of peace and transnational mutual connection
and understanding. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Trips
to regional places heavy with culture and important in Ukraine´s history, such
as Soledar Saltmine, Kleban Byk regional landscape park as well as to the
monastery Svyatogorsk topped off the whole project. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Acknowledgement</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">We,
the participants of the project, are very grateful for having the opportunity
of talking to people who carried their harsh stories for many, many years
unnoticed and silently and collecting their memories as well as getting to know
life in Eastern Ukraine. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">We
also would like to thank everyone who made this project possible: Olya Usachova;
Khrystyna Arkhytka and Philipp Remde for organization of the project; Mr. Vladimir
Berezin, Mr. Bredechin, Mr. Ban Ivan, Mr. Konstantijn Venchov, Mr. Andrej
Taraman and Mr. Attip and many more volunteers for their great support of the
project.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Special
thanks to all former Ostarbeiters, who were willing to share their though
stories with the young generation and the public in general. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
project was supported by the “Youth in Action” programme. Participating
organizations were SCI Austria, SCI Germany, SCI Italy, AVI Moldova and SVIT
Ukraine. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pia Constanze Höring & Jakob S. Kriz
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-90090697463929156762012-06-13T02:16:00.000-07:002013-02-05T04:10:13.866-08:00Last prisoner story goes on<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: #666666; color: #eeeeee;">
<span style="background-color: #444444;"></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>International
youth exchange</b></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> </b></span></h2>
</div>
<div lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Konstantinovka,
Ukraine, 1-15 of April, 2013</b></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> </b></span></h2>
</div>
<div align="CENTER" lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<h2>
</h2>
</div>
<div lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Call
for participants</b></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> </b></span></h2>
</div>
<div align="CENTER" lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjw-5GN7ILezN8EXpMdno_rnyP1pA_B3kRIzk2Lg_mNILoMEUJ61S115FYOv6w5WJFdvQ9hSPxBwEcT4yc_nUJyS1ALRovjLdSZ5udKZx-sJCCt5_e5dyPTVE_i5uAfxyJr_iPCBa0QC_q/s1600/LP+photo+OPS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjw-5GN7ILezN8EXpMdno_rnyP1pA_B3kRIzk2Lg_mNILoMEUJ61S115FYOv6w5WJFdvQ9hSPxBwEcT4yc_nUJyS1ALRovjLdSZ5udKZx-sJCCt5_e5dyPTVE_i5uAfxyJr_iPCBa0QC_q/s1600/LP+photo+OPS.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">World
war 2</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">
and its impact on Europe and the world is still felt and significant
– from research on Nazi crimes, Holocaust and trials on still alive
guards of concentration camps, till situation with fascism and
growing racism all over Europe. For young generation, the history of
what was happening more than 65 years ago may be far away, but it is
still closely connected on personal level – to grandparents. It is
also strongly affecting our national and cultural identity, how we
see and perceive this history and other countries involved, including
prejudices and stereotypes. Also it has a lot of unknown stories and
moments behind, which become public often because of some accident,
as the stories which provided background for the proposed youth
exchange.</span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Konstantinovka
is a small town in south-east of Ukraine, Donetsk region. According
to official data, there are 123 elderly people in town, who survived
concentration camps. Most of them live in poor conditions, need
support and lack social contacts. Other problem is, that young people
nowadays know little about the horrors of WW2, and what was happening
in concentration camps. The memories and stories of people disappear
with them, and if nothing is undertaken, soon nobody would be able to
tell about the horrors of that time. Another remarkable thing is,
that 3 diaries of survivals of concentration camps were discovered in
Konstantinovka, which are very little known in town, as well as in
Ukraine and abroad.</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Diary
1 – Andrey Otchenashenko</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">
(in Russian), original is in the museum of Konstantinovka, online
version at http://www.konstantinovka.com.ua/node/10821</span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">In
1942, when he was 17 years old, he was captured at the market and
taken to Germany, where he survived Sachsenhausen and Natzweiler,
other camps an prisons. After being freed by the Soviet army, he was
arrested by KGB, sentenced and sent to work in Uranium mines in Asian
Soviet republics. He was called by his family back to Konstantinovka
with falsed telegram about his mother’s death, arrested again and
by miracle not accused of spying again. He died in 2007, the diary
was discovered in the mansion of his house, by people who bought it.</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Diary
2 - Nonna Ba</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>nnister</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">
– diary in English, http://www.secretholocaustdiaries.com/</span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">In
1942, being 15 years old, together with her mother she was taken from
Konstantinovka to Germany, where both survived all horrors of
Holocaust, mother ended up in concentration camp – Nonna was sure
she was murdered by Nazis. In the camp she got sick and survived
because of church hospital, where she worked after recovering from
sickness. In 1949 she left for the US, where she was happily married,
gave birth and raised 3 children. She got sick and died in 2004. At
the end of her life she wrote down memories with title “Secret
Holocaust diaries”, and her son runs blog with the same title on
her memory.</span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>Diary
3 - Gerhard Servatius</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">
– diary in German, original is kept in the museum of
Konstantinovka, Russian translation is at
http://konstantinovka.com.ua/node/10459</span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">With
17 years he was taken from German settlements in Romania. Lived in
camp in Konstantinovka from 1945 till 1948, and worked on
reconstruction of industry. He witnessed numerous deaths and
tortures. There is a cemetery in Konstantinovka, last place of about
300 such “Westarbeiters”. </span>
</div>
<div lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">These
3 stories inspired partners and young people to research and collect
more – thus in the framework of the international youth exchange “Last
prisoner story” in August 2010, 20 more interviews were recorded
and translated – now they are available online
here on this blog. And there are a lot more stories
waiting to be heard, documented and promoted – so that young people
can see and hear about the WW2 not in the dry language of numbers and
names of big battles and military operations, but see it through the
eyes of a real and simple person, his/her personal way and story
through the war and its horrors. This has inspired SCI partners from
Austria, Germany, Ukraine, Italy and Moldova to organize a follow-up
project. The activity will bring together 25 participants from the 5
countries, and will take place in Konstantinovka (Ukraine) from 1</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">st</span></span></sup></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">
to 15</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">th</span></span></sup></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">
of April 2013.</span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><b>The
program</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">
of the youth exchange will include the following activities:</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">-
Interviews with former forced workers and concentration camps
prisoners. Participants will visit elderly people in small groups
(2-4 people) to talk to them, ask about their experiences and
stories, document them (record interviews, make copies of
photos/materials) </span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">-
Visiting memorial places of mass murders during WW2 (champagne
factory in Artemovsk where 3000 Jews and Roma were murdered, mass
graves of WW2 in Svyatogorsk, museum in Aleksandrovo-Kalinovo
village); visiting cemeteries in Konstantinovka where ‘ostarbeiter’
and ‘westarbeiter’ are buried, research work at the cemeteries
(documenting the graves)</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">-
Visiting villages around Konstantinovka, meetings in rural museums,
interviews of forced workers and former prisoners in the villages;
local research work to check addresses of former forced workers and
prisoners, their availability for interview</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">-
Discussions and reflections about the interviews – after
interviewing, participants will have plenary discussion to share
stories they have heard, reflect about it, discuss and exchange about
history in European context and its connection to the present, about
common European problems which have their roots in 2nd World war</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">-
Developing materials for educational activities, based on interviews
and stories of people, creating, practising and describing
interactive readings of interviews and memories, preparing questions
for debriefing after the readings</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">-
Working on blog with interviews, photos and interactive readings
materials (in Russian and English languages). Materials collected
will be put online by the participants partly during the project,
partly upon return home. </span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-GB" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">-
Excursions and free time activities will include visiting interesting
places in Konstantinovka and neighboring area, as Kleban Byk regional
landscape park, Belokuzminovka rocks, Donetsk and Donbass arena
football stadium (one of the hosting cities of Euro 2012)</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Financial
conditions</b></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">All
costs concerning mea</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">ls
and accommodation, as well as the program and materials will be fully
covered for the whole duration of the youth exchange. Travel costs
will be reimbursed 70% with the following maximum: </span></span>
</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">Austria:</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">
500 Euro</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">Germany:
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">300
Euro<br />Italy: 500 Euro<br />Moldova: 100 Euro</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="background-color: #444444; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<div style="color: #eeeeee;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">We
encourage you to consider the environmental impact of the trip, and to use
environmentally friendly transport means.</span></div>
<div style="color: #eeeeee;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Participants profile:</b></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">- Able to work in English, knowledge of Russian would be an asset</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">- Interest and motivation to participate to the project and contribute to its program with ideas, information, proposals for discussions etc</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">- Between 18 and 25 years old</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">- Available to join for the whole duration of the project</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">- Residing in one of the 5 countries participating in the project (Ukraine, Germany, Austria, Moldova or Italy) </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> </span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">How to apply: </b></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A completed <a href="https://docs.google.com/a/svit-ukraine.org/document/d/1urxQVZEh2usjOb6dlyucSH_2uF6qqpUaPDLdop01SX4/edit" target="_blank">application form</a> with any other relevant information shall be sent </span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SCI Austria: office@sci.or.at</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<div style="color: #eeeeee;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">SVIT-Ukraine</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">: outgo</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">ing@svit-ukraine.org</span></div>
<span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SCI Germany: </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">John.myers@sci-d.de</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: #eeeeee; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SCI Italy: workcamps@sci-italia.it</span></span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" lang="en-US" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<div style="color: #eeeeee;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">AVI Moldova: avi@avimd.org</span></span></div>
<div style="color: #eeeeee;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;">The deadline for applications is February, 1st, 2013. All candidates will be informed by e-mail about the decision shortly after the deadli</span><span style="color: #eeeeee; line-height: 20px;">ne. Deadline for Moldavian and Italian applicants is February 20th, 2013.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">For more information about possible registration fees, please contact your sending organization.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-83839399216874606982011-10-24T14:55:00.001-07:002012-08-16T05:19:34.129-07:00Shkumat Nina Timofeevna<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">9 August 2010 in her living room.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Interviewers: Konstantin, Antonida, Novocelova, Katrin Schubert, Ina Alexandra Reshetelovkiy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I , Shkumat Nina Tinofeevna, was born on 28 February 1924 in the Dnepropetrovski region in the village of Novoe Pole (New Field).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I came to Konstantinovka with my parents in 1932. My father worked in a chemical factory as work manager and taught mechanics and my mother was a housewife. I had an older brother; he died at the front.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> I studied 10 years at school and then went on to medical college. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When I was studying in 1941 in fourth year of the medical assistant school they sent me a summons for the army. My father did not let me go. On 29<sup>th</sup> October 1941 the Germans came to the town, from the Druzhkovki side I saw them because our house was next to the main street of the town. There were no soldiers in town. The first wave of Germans entered the town slowly, on horseback, after them followed the motorised group. They put up Germans in our house, sometimes they gave us food, on the whole they treated us well.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Because my father was a communist, the Polizei (German police) arrested him. Mama collected all valuables and bribed one of the policemen and we fled from Konstantinovka to the village my father came from, Novoe Polye.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In winter 1942 they started to round up young people in our village to work in Germany. At night the Germans came to our house and took me away. They loaded us onto a troop train that took us to Germany.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">First I was taken to Rostock. At the collection centre my employer Werner took me to his farm. Werner had a wife, Magda, and three sons. The eldest son died on the Russian front. Magda beat me for every offence; she was very cruel. They had a big farm, 24 cows, around 100 hens, horses etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I lived three years on their farm. Every morning I got up at 4 in the morning and worked until late at night. I slept in the attic in a small room, was dressed in rags and received 3 Mark per month for my work. I had practically no contact with the locals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the spring of 1945 the Russian soldiers came and liberated me. I could not return to my home straight away. Because I had medical training they sent me to work in a Soviet hospital in Germany. I looked after the injured soldiers and sick Germans. In that area typhus was wide spread and there were a lot of sick among the local population. I worked in the hospital until 1946. When they disbanded the army I went back to Dnepropetrovsk. There I found my parents and we returned to Konstantinovka as my father worked as engineer in the chemical factory. After the war the town was practically destroyed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For a long time I could not work as a medical assistant because I ha been a prisoner. The attitude of the Soviet power to those people who had been prisoner was bad. Therefore I found a job in the canteen and worked there until my retirement. Before long I got married to a friend of my brother and we stayed together for 62 years. I had two sons, my husband worked in the brick factory “Red October”. Two years ago my husband died. Now I live in my house together with my son a</span>nd his family.</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-21137229227429042382011-10-24T14:53:00.000-07:002012-01-23T02:49:40.059-08:00Chukhinina Maria Nikolaevna<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">On 11 August 2010 in her living room</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Interviewers : Konstantin […],Antonida Novoselova, Katrin Schubert, Ina Alexandra Reshetilovki</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">I, Maria Nikolaevna Chukhinina, was born on 1 January 1924 in the village of Elisabetovka, in the Kharkov region. In 1940, I moved with my parents and my sister to Konstantinovka. I finished 7 years at school.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">In 1941 German soldiers captured me on the street and took me away to work in Germany. On the troop train they sent me to Berlin. In the carriage I slept on straw; they did not give us anything to eat and seldom let us go to the toilet. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">For one year I worked for a German family. The woman of the house had a grocery shop. First they checked me out to see if I was honest, but then they loved me. They gave me enough food, and also clothes and some money. In the beginning of 1942 doctors discovered that I had problems with my lungs and sent me to work in a labour camp. Sometimes the woman of the house came to the camp and gave me food and clothing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">In the labour camp we worked for 12 hours a day. I prepared parts for cars. When the Russian forces approached Berlin they sent us to some village. But when they ‘liberated’ us it did not get any better. The Russian soldiers considered us to be traitors and sent us to work on a farm and then in a sausage factory. In 1945 they sent me to Brest, and then they let me go home to Konstantinovka. At home many despised me and I could not find work. I married in 1946 and had two daughters. I did manage to get an education and worked as an accountant in the glass factory. I worked there for 35 years.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-76662535022723766442011-10-24T14:51:00.000-07:002011-10-24T14:51:11.601-07:00Inna Iosifovna Bashchinskaya (Lyulevich)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-IE</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Date of birth: 8 June1926</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Interviewer: Inna Romanovna (Russia), Sigrid Rischer (Austria) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">9 August 2010</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Can you tell us a bit about your family?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">I was born in Konstantinovka. We lived on Tbilisi Street. My father deserted us and I lived with my mother and my brother, who is 3 years younger than me. They stayed living under the Germans, but [the Germans] took me away. We had a good family; Mama had five sisters, they helped us. Mama worked, went around the village and exchanged things for food, but she was illiterate. My brother (12 years old) worked for the Germans, and when a horse died they gave us the meat. They were difficult times. And then they took me away; that separation was very difficult for all of us, and when I returned in June 1945, Mama said that there was not one day when she did not cry.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">When the Germans entered the town, where were you at that time? What do you remember?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Everybody tried to support each other without distinction, no matter what nationality the people were. When the Germans came into the town I was at home. We lived on a hill, so I did not see anything. Of course, it was terrible, they dropped bombs, and I was still a girl. I was 15 years old. We loved Stalin and still remember him today. He did not desert us, he was in Moscow all that time, did not run away somewhere, he supported us and the soldiers fought battles for him.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Did you leave for Germany on your own initiative, or did they force you?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Tell us about your arrival in Germany</span><span lang="EN-GB">.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">On 11 April they told us we are going to Dnepropetrovsk to work on the Kolkhos (collective farm) for two weeks, but it turned out that we were going to Germany. We went on the train for nine days, slept on straw on the floor, and they gave us nothing to eat. If someone wanted to escape, they were shot. At arrival in Germany we were put up in a line like sheep, so that the factory owners could choose us. Around 350 people worked at the factory. When they chose me I begged them to also choose my friend. First, I worked in the ‘Sack’ [in German] factory, where they produced sacks, for two years. The working day lasted 12 hours; I cannot remember if we had days off. The owner was good, nobody insulted us. The conditions were not bad apart from the food. They gave us turnips to eat. Once, they gave us a soup with tadpoles in it; the French ate it, but we could not. We started to protest and it did not happen again. When we arrived we had nothing. Only blue overalls, trousers and blankets. In winter, we covered ourselves with blankets – we looked like scarecrows. On our feet we had wooden clogs, and when we went out onto the street they made a terrible noise.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">When the Americans bombed Bielefeld, when the factories were blown up, we collected parts of the bodies [Inna Iosifovna is crying when she talks about this]. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">I got to know a German woman there; she also worked in the factory, she was very good and wanted me to stay with her in Germany. She did not have any children and treated me like a daughter. She took me to her house every Saturday on the bike; she arranged it with the police man and it was apparent that she paid him. She said, ‘Stay. It will be the three of us.’</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Then they moved us to a machine factory called ‘Homsel’ [or Gomsel]. The conditions were far worse than in the previous factory. The owner was a real fascist. On the recommendation of Lida Gorbunova, my friend and I escaped and went to the town of Lemsa [Lemgo?], and then on to Fosheit [Fosgeit?] to an aquaintance of the German, Else. My friend Milechka was also from Konstantinovka. I met her here also after the war. We stayed in different families. I told everyone Mama’s name, so that those who escaped and were searching [could tell I had been there].</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">The owner, Walter Fulyabe, and his family turned out to be good people. They gave us clothes because I was clean and tidy. They trusted me. They had a daughter and once at 12 o’clock at midnight she came running to me and said that they were playing the Russsian song ‘Wide is my home country’ [Shiroka strana moya rodnaya] on the radio. Even now when I tell that, it sends shivers down my spine.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Did you think about staying in Germany after liberation?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">No. I missed my mother and brother terribly; we had a good family. My mistress tried to stop me; she wanted to marry me to her son. But I was very devoted to my home country.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">How did you return home?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">When we returned, someone wanted to set up a train crash; we only stayed alive thanks to the engine driver.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">What had changed in Konstantinovka after the war? Was your house destroyed?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Did you find your relatives, your friends?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Everything was destroyed including our house, but Papa built a small hut with one room and a kitchen, where Mama and my brother lived. My father had died. Mama worked in the glass factory where I also got to work after technical school. My brother finished navy college and received third level education in Mariupole.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">I married in 1945. My first husband, Fedya, was well educated. He worked 32 years as the chairperson of the factory committee. He died in 1999 and I married again according to his wish. He loved me very much, he worshipped me. My golden one [Inna Iosifovna is crying]. All my life I worked hard and they held me in high esteem everywhere.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB">What advice can you give the future generations so that such a thing will not be repeated?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Love and help each other. Without that, we are all like wild animals and children.</span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-64220431600510176242011-10-24T14:43:00.000-07:002011-10-24T14:45:48.956-07:00Ivan Afanasyevich Evtekhov<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Interviewers: Chudinova Maria (Russia), Sosina Oxana (Russia), Marlene Klinger (Austria), Igor (Ukraine)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">History of the family</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">About myself</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">My name is Ivan Afanasyevich Evtekhov. I was born on 31 October 1925. My mother, Stepanida Iovna (née Deryugina) was Ukrainian, she was born in 1895. My father, Afanasii Petrovich – Russian, was born in 1892.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">Prehistory</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">My grandfather, a former soldier, served in the army under General Skobelev.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">He took part in the Russian-Turkish War (the Crimean). After an army service of 5 years (and not 25 years as a result of the mercy of the tsar) he returned home to his village ( then a suburb) in Klimov district. That was still before the revolution. He returned, had a look and saw they were all poor. He decided to go somewhere else with his family. And at that time they were building the railway to Kharkov, to Mariupol, to the Crimean. He decided to look for work there. All the 4 brothers went there. Grandfather had a piece of land in Artemovsk where he grew melons.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Grandfather had 4 sons. He built a small house opposite the factory, then the brother of my father sold it. Now it already started all over again. My father grew up here , in Konstantinovka, he found work on the bottle factory (it was built in the 1890-ies). His family got his roots from the Old Believers (who did not accept the joining of the Russian and Ukrainian church after the unification of Ukraine.)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">He married around 1911. In 1919 he had already 4 sons. But they all died within one week in 1919 from smallpox. How he survived himself, he says, they drank vodka and ate herrings, that saved them. After that he had 6 more children: Petro, Victor, me, Olya, Volodya, Lyuba.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">My mother, Stepanida Iovna Delyugina (née) was born in 1895 in Poltavshina. In Konstantinovka she worked as a servant with rich relatives. My mother was a genuine woman. After she married, she dedicated herself to the family, she was a housewife, she could always wash and cook. She married around 1911.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">In 1924 or 1925 came the engines “Lynch” from America. My father was a clever peasant and loved to go around from place to place, he wanted to share his work experience with all.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">In the time of the famine, it was such an epidemic famine in Konstantinovka as far as I remember, as it was nowhere else. In 1933-34 a zinc factory was built. The factory “Kitchen” worked with a canteen where they served food to people during the time of the famine. You got bread on ration cards. In 1934 they finished the building of the dam, not far from there was a shop for workers where they gave out bread without cards.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Later they suggested to my father to go to Odessa to share his work experience. In 1934 we left Konstatinovka to live in Odessa 3 or 4 years. There was a new glass factory, but it was based on manual work. When they started to mechanise it they needed specialists, that is why my father took the family and we went there. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Then my father sent a letter to the new factory in Roslovlo, Smolensk District and again we moved there to work , with the whole family. There they gave us accommodation in a two storey house with 3 rooms in an estate not far from the house of the big landowner Vilkin who had a large apple orchard. There we lived until 1941.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">The sister of my mother lived on the Crimean and sent us a letter, inviting us to live with her. Again we moved and settled on the estate of Gvardeiski (in Soviet time Ostryakovo) There again we got a flat, and my father got work in the MTC. But literally within a month the war started.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">The start of the war</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">My mother heard explosions at night – that were the Germans blowing up Sevastopol (150 km from us) In the morning they announced everywhere on the radio that the war had started. 2-3 weeks afterwards the Chekists (political police) arrived suddenly at my father’s work place and arrested him straight away. He was called an enemy of the people because some time ago in the glass factory he told a joke: if an echelon (special train) leaves from Russia is will be full of bolts and nuts. But on the special train from the Ukraine there is only bread and lard, bread, lard. For that he was sentenced for 10 years, but later they took 5 years off that. He was 48 years old then, nobody looked at the fact that he had 6 children. So we did not find out what had happened to him, if he had not managed to give a note to the watchmaker from the train in which they send him to the Urals. The watchmaker gave it to us in 5 days.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">They pushed us out of the flat and for a week we lived in the garden. Then they gave us one room of 12 square meters for 7 people. We slept in bunks.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">My mother who did not use to work had to fee us somehow. She found work as a laundress in a restaurant.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">My father was imprisoned for the whole year. He worked in the paper factory. For his good work they released him for voluntary settlement in a village in the Perm district. There he worked in a brick factory, he organised everything there, the whole mechanisation. At first he did not know that he was released, he thought, that he left without having the right to do so, so he lived there. They offered him to marry but he declined. When he found out that he was free he returned home.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">In 1946 in Kama, on the Volga, he got to Stalingrad, worked there for a while. He transported luggage on a wheelbarrow for women who arrived on the train. When he had earned some money he returned to the Crimean. There he could not find work, therefore he moved up along the coast, got as far as Novorosiska. He found work as a watchman but within 2 weeks the Chekists came and ordered him to leave the area within 24 hours. My father returned again to the Crimean, took his youngest daughter and left for his old flat in Roslav, later the rest followed him. There they buried him at the age of 84.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB">My history</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">As a child I went to the kinder garden in the Yakusevich park. I went to primary school opposite the bread factory.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">In 1942, when the Germans took Sevastopol, a gendarme and a German soldier and a village elder came to our house. They informed us that we were obliged to pick one person from the family for work in Germany, otherwise they would take us all. Mama decided that my older brother Viktor should stay because he could help her to look after the other three children. So I had to go to Germany.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">A special train came to the station. They loaded us onto five carriages. Girls and boys, side by side, tightly, nearly without water and food . We went through Poland and Czechoslovakia for about a month. Toilet – at a stop under supervision of the guards. They had no shame, the girls went to one side, the boys to the other. They hardly gave us anything to eat. Once in a station there stood cauldrons with some slop just for pigs, with ladles. I did not see that someone from us ate it. Sometimes women came running and gave us something. You were not allowed to run anywhere, they immediately started shooting.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">We arrived at München. They divided the grown ups there according to their trade: who was a turner, who was welder. They put them up beside Dachau. There were empty barracks there.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">We children were left behind without anything. It was already autumn, so they sent us to the potato harvest to the local farmer (ordinary peasants). Their relationship with us was not bad, they even fed us. At 9 in the morning the servant always brought us bread with caraway seed and beer to the field. The caraway seed I always pick out because I they made me sick and I poured the beer away. I did not like it, it was too bitter. I would have preferred to drink lemon water. When we returned from the field the table was already laid. But after we had picked all the potatoes they sent us back to the camp. This time it was a big stone building with iron bars. Often Russian women came to us. They had emigrated to Germany already before the revolution, and they asked us who we were and where we came from. We were 20-30 people then. (Photo)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Once a lorry came and they took us to work in Grünewald (region of München) The river Isar flows there. They allocated us to work with different masters in the factory for cooling installations. I came to Willi, a 30 year old young man. He always wore on the sleeve the SS armband, but he was not a bad man, he did not even yell at us. When he had breakfast in the morning I felt embarrassed and when out to the ground floor to talk to the other lads. He asked why I did not eat and I replied that I was talking. Then he said that was not in order and gave me a sandwich. Willi had a map on the wall where he always marked all battles and the cities that were taken. I often looked at that map and said to him when the Russians are coming he will have to serve me and not I him. He smiled and answered that not the Russians but the Americans would come here (that was in 1943, later it happened that way.) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">After the battle of Stalingrad the violent nationalists started to treat us worse. They paid us 5 Mark per month, the adults got 30. By the way – one bread cost 1 Mark. Next to us there was a shop, once we went in there to buy ice cream. But there they told us in German that they did not have ice cream for Russian pigs. We left humiliated.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Somehow they took us to the Zoo in München and I remembered from that visit that the German word for ‘monkey’ is ‘Affe’. Once when we went as a group from the canteen a German young woman came towards us. She called us Russisch Schwein (Russian pigs). I looked at her. She was so terrible that I said to her in German that she was a real monkey. The woman was embarrassed and fell silent.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">In the morning they gave us coffee. From 11-12 they turned up and the server poured us 0,75 l of some unknown liquid. And we were glad. In the evening - beet root, turnips, vegetables. Gradually it became easier for us because we received some money for which we could buy products.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">In 1943 we decided to escape. Patriotism leaped up, youth is nasty. All are running and so are we. One of those who stayed I met later in Hungary. So nearly all that were faster stayed alive – they were liberated by the Americans. We walked for a week from München in the direction of Italy because we had heard that there was already collapse of power. We walked about 200 km but they noticed us and caught us. I registered with my mother’s maiden name, that was discovered and I was hit in the face by the prosecutor. For some days they conducted an investigation at that place where we were – nothing happened. We were lucky that all was quiet. If it had been revealed that there was theft or murder they would have shot us.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">That is how I got to Dachau. At arrival we had to take off our clothes and they led us to the bath. I saw for the first time such a pleasant sight: in the bath everything was nickel and tiles. They brought us blue and white striped clothes: trousers and a jacket. As shoes we got thick wooden clogs with a canvas top.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">In the middle of the head they left a stripe of hair which indicated that we were prisoners. They took us to the quarantine block where they had already collected prisoners of war, citizens, all different kinds of people over the last three months.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">My friends appeared there: Colonel Eten (Manevich), Major Nagorny, Lieutenant </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Vasilyev, Ivan Ivanov. I have written everywhere to try to find out something about their fate, nobody could help me- there are no archives, nothing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Being in Dachau we could not see anything of what was happening on the outside because we were in the punishment block. I remember that on Sundays they gave us macaroni. And on ordinary days some kind of slop.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">After three months they sent us to Austria, to Mauthausen. They loaded us, around 1000 people in carriages, we travelled around 24 hours. We were met by SS officers with dogs and they marched us through the whole night to the camp. I remember there was a hospital, but not the kind that makes you better. There were only dying people in it. When they were dead they were taken to the crematoria.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">They drove us in groups of ten to the bath and gave us a small piece of soap.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">On the territory of the camp there was a small house were prostitutes of different nationalities stayed, serving the Germans.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">I came to Block 19. But Block 20 was for those condemned to death, from there nobody returned. They sent the servicemen, communists, higher officials there. Before New Year 1943 the prisoners of Block 20 started a revolt, killed the guards, seized their machine guns. But they were nearly all shot.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">We worked in the stone quarry. We dragged the stones from the crater to the surface. If you took a lighter stone, the guards would beat you with a whip or something. If you took a heavier stone out of fear then it was impossible to drag it up. People dropped to the ground. The Germans grabbed them by the arm and the leg and carried them away where they were bound for.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Every day we carried 5-6 dead people and stored them near the crematoria. During the day they turned off the water and we could not even drink.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">And when we had our fill of water and looked at each other we would not recognise each other: we were so swollen and inflated. Only the healthiest ones remained and we were only a few. I was there for 4 months.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Once the overseer collected 11 people and made them to take 22 thermos flasks to some people that sat on carts. They were old people, women, children. As I found out later they were Jews. They send them all into a bath, and instead of water they let out gas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">In winter 1943-44 I came to the camp Sankt Valentino. I worked with production of tanks. There were many Jews (around 1000), Russians, Poles, political Germans. None of them had any rights, they were treated all the same.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">I remember when we stood in rank and file we were supposed to take off our caps all at the same time in front of the leader. If someone could not do it in time, they made him walk in goose step (squatting) and then he had to run in circles. It is very difficult for an unprepared person to walk in goose step, many fell down. But I had done a lot of sports until the war, therefore it was not difficult for me, I even smiled when I did that.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Lice developed in huge quantities. They crawled over the body, the clothes. You could be crushing them on your body all night and see in the morning that your fingers were covered with your own blood.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Once at 17 degrees frost they made us all undress, we could only take a basin and shoes and we had to go and wash. After the wash we stood for 15 minutes in the freezing cold, naked and wet. Then they drove us all out behind the camp where we sat 24 hours in such a condition. We sat like the Tatars, in rows, one in front of the other. I got spasms and a temperature. The Major supported me from behind. I leaned against him so that it was not noticeable that I was sick. But after that they gave us hot tea and my temperature dropped.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">I remember an incident when I wanted to get an extra portion. I gave mine to my friends and went for a second one. I thought that if I come from the other side the server would not recognise me and give me another one. But I was so bold and I had a memorable face. That is why when I tried to ask for a second portion, the server chased after me with a big ladle. I ran and thought that could I get into the barrack now, climb on the top bunk and there he would not reach me. But he caught me and hit me strongly on the back with the sturdy handle of the ladle. I fell but he stopped and said that I had enough. Much later, in 1974, I was operated on my kidney and they discovered a cancer. It seems that this benign tumour was the consequence of that beating.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">When they were already fighting near Vienna, they put us into a special train and sent us to the reconstruction of the railway that had been destroyed by the Russian air force. It was in March- April 1945. But there was not even a shovel. Therefore they sent us to Ebensee. That was the most terrible thing that I have seen in my life. We were around 30000 people. They gave 30 people one loaf of bread per day. We divided that equally, chewed it, sucked it, but did not swallow, brought it up again. You must not swallow it – it could happen that it would twist your guts.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Under the window of the 30<sup>th</sup> block (the block of those condemned to death) the dead bodies were lying in mountains, and people still alive, soon, living corpses crawled beside it. There were more than 100 people. The crematoria could burn 5 bodies at the time but that was not enough and also that smoke, the ash, the smell penetrated everything. For the burying of the bodies they dug trenches.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">On I May 1945 30 000 people were ordered to come to assembly. The Commandant told us that while the fighting was going on we had to hide in mine shafts. They wanted to blow us all up. And we, all 30 000 people, simultaneously refused to go there.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">After that they somehow started to give us 300 gram bread per person. Rumours were going round that that was help from the Red Cross.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">On 6 May we stood at the fence of barbed wire and looked at what was happening outside. Suddenly a tank comes towards us. We first decided that the tank was German and it would rinse (?) us all. But the tank turned out to be American. The cover opened and a black man looked out of it. How people moved towards that tank! In the fence there was a hole, we went through it and ran to meet the tank. The black man stood and photographed us.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">We went down the slope and there were many many American tanks. The Americans asked us in Russian who we were. Until now I remember their white teeth, how they offered us biscuits.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">We , 5-6 people, went to a lake. We saw a car and a Hungarian in it. We took the car from him and went away in it. But the Americans took it away from us and put us up in a little house.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">The first night we went to a farmer. He let us stay on the hay loft and brought us bread and milk.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">His wife asked us not to smoke in the hay loft. But why would we be smoking – we were hardly alive. If we had spent another week in that camp we would have been added to that pile of dead bodies.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">We dropped the outer layer of striped clothes, it was hot and we went like that in our underwear. On 7- 8 May we stopped at a camp where there were Russian women and girls. They were very badly dressed. I and the lads got hold of some arms, went to the locals and got some clothes for the women. That way we dressed them.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Within half a month the Americans sent us in lorries to the town Melk (?) where there was a very big concentration camp. In the meantime we had acquired a more or less normal look, become similar to humans again. The American talked us into returning to the USSR, they said that wherever we go there is destruction. In Melk we went to a special department where those who had not committed any offence could join the army at the place. That is how I served in the Soviet Army from 1945 to 1952.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">When I returned to my home country I met with my family, my father and we talked about the misfortunes that had happened to us.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">In 1951 I worked for a while in Roslavel, learnt to be an operator.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">In 1952 I married the daughter of the factory director. I was a noticeable lad, played football, danced, took part in activities, had success. But even I could not avoid unpleasant events. The thing was that when I served in the army we had to go on a trip for months and guard the transport of goods. I and some other soldiers did not like that and so we wrote a report and all signed it. As a result they put us on the same footing as state criminals and transferred us to aviation where we had to serve for another two and a half years. That is how they taught us a lesson. Later my father in law found out about this, started to poison my life and my relationship with my wife went wrong. But I sat it out the defective situation. I said that I was a lathe operator and they gave me work. The Soviet camp was for me like a spa compared with what I had survived in Germany.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">After that I decided to return to where I was born, to Konstantinovka. I found work here in the glass factory. I once met my father–in-law on the street, so he knew I was here. Later he came to my house to make peace but I showed him the door. And then suddenly my wife appeared, as if nothing had happened. She said that we will go on living, everything will be fine. She talked me into it, together with the landlady of the room where I lived. We started renting a room on Chervony, later they gave us a flat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">I worked in the factory for around 60 years, I improved the production. At that time there was a decline in the factory, the bottles were considered bad. I started to do the working process in my way. I finished the Technical college, on two courses I worked with the manager of the section. We adapted 27 machines with our own hands to our requirements. . In 1980 I retired but continued to work as a machine repairer.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">I have no children, but my wife has a grandson and a great grandson, they are like my own.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">I received from Germany compensation once. It took a long time to get compensation here, but it does not matter. If I had the opportunity to go to Germany, to visit these places, I would definitely go, in spite of my weak heart.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-52777447048592173252011-06-08T10:09:00.000-07:002012-01-26T02:19:38.449-08:00Черкашин Александр Михайлович<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvpG0qkCilBhguUyafufSLJxrxAmGXH-qtj7YerH-RhSk9XquU3QDEZh4NSfFaidjaIZOZsTMNlZWfWtdTI8pTN4PtlIl_hws0ewFVqdflcRp8SqFWKYq2HKaWygj3h4ss8zULd8K849lf/s1600/Cherkashin.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvpG0qkCilBhguUyafufSLJxrxAmGXH-qtj7YerH-RhSk9XquU3QDEZh4NSfFaidjaIZOZsTMNlZWfWtdTI8pTN4PtlIl_hws0ewFVqdflcRp8SqFWKYq2HKaWygj3h4ss8zULd8K849lf/s320/Cherkashin.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Александр Михайлович и волонтер Соня</td></tr>
</tbody></table><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"> Интервьюеры</span><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">: Соня (Венгрия), Ольга (Украина)</span><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Это необычное интервью нам дал Черкашин Александр Михайлович, в котором поделился с нами воспоминаниями своей матери о холокосте. Сам же он родился в 1945 году в трудовом лагере и не помнит этот период, зато помнит, как ему было расти среди секретов, верить идеям устанавливающихся режимов и видеть потом, что они распадались.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Вы могли бы рассказать мне немного о своей матери?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Моя мать была невысокого роста, очень крепкая и тихая женщина, которая тяжело работала всю свою жизнь. Я всегда уважал ее отвагу и силу, благодаря которым она смогла выжить в невыносимых эмоциональных и физических условиях концентрационного лагеря, и смогла вырастить ребенка сама в таком мире, где одиноким матерям приходилось справляться с огромным количеством трудностей и предубеждений. Я всегда задумывался, как у нее могла бы сложиться жизнь, наверняка куда лучше, если бы она вернулась из Германии без ребенка. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;"><b>Что Вы знаете о ее детстве?</b> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Моя мать была шестым ребенком в семье, самый старший брат был старше ее на 16 лет. Родителей она потеряла рано и поэтому жила с братом и его семьей, присматривая и нянча их 6-х детей. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Что случилось, когда началась война?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Когда началась эвакуация, моей матери было 17 лет. Ее брат возглавлял завод здесь в Константиновке и должен был эвакуироваться с семьей в Руванский район, а моя мама осталась в Константиновке смотреть за его домом. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Немцы зашли в область и начали систематично убивать коммунистов. Благодаря местному голове мою мать спасли, но депортировали в Донецк. Ей удалось бежать оттуда, но податься ей было некуда и она опять вернулась в Константиновку. Отсюда ее забрали в Германию – в лагерь в городе Вилдао. <br />
<b><br />
Какой работой она занималась в концентрационном лагере?</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Мама работала на кухне, готовила другим заключенным, которые жили в лагере и трудились на фабрике, изготавливавшей вагоны для депортации пленных. Иногда ей приходилось работать в полях. Несмотря на то, что ее работа отличалась от работы остальных, жила она в общем бараке со всеми. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="RU"><br />
</span></b></span><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;"><b>Упоминала ли Ваша мать о каких-либо наказаниях, которые использовали немцы?</b><b> </b></span><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Да, она вспоминала, что тех рабочих, которые пререкались или конфликтовали с немцами в лагере, закрывали на ночь в подвале, полном крыс. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;"><br />
<b>Вы родились в этом лагере в Германии?</b> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Да, я родился там 15 января 1945 года. Моя мать сказала, что я не был ее первым ребенком. Как я понял, ее первый сын умер сразу после рождения, но я в этом не уверен. Мать не хотела больше рассказать об этом. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;"><br />
Что случилось, когда пришла Русская армия?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Когда пришли русские, всем матерям приказали оставить своих детей в бараках. Моя мама тоже должна была сделать так, но я сильно плакал, поэтому она вернулась и забрала меня с собой. Те женщины, у которых были дети, проходили специальное дознание, чтобы доказать, что отцом их детей не был немец, иначе их убивали. Моя мать сказала советским солдатам, что не знает, кто был моим отцом, но этого оказалось недостаточно. К счастью ей удалось найти еврея в лагере, который согласился подтвердить, что он был моим отцом и спасти ей жизнь. Так я получил его фамилию, а моей матери разрешили вернуться в Константиновку со мной.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Что случилось после того, как она вернулась домой?</span></b><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Она приехала в дом брата, но брат испугался, как бы нахождение моей матери в его доме не принесло плохую славу его семье. Боясь быть снова депортированным, он попросил мать уйти. К счастью вызвался помочь моей матери глава коммунистов и, даже несмотря на то, что это было для него рискованно, смог найти для нее работу на мельнице в деревне Брестанол, которая находится рядом с Константиновкой. Моей матери не платили денег за ее работу, но разрешили жить в небольшой комнате и давали достаточно еды, чтобы пережить голод 47-48хх годов. Ее брат и его сын иногда навещали ее, но никто в деревне не знал, что они были родственниками. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="RU"><br />
</span></span><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Знали ли жители деревни, что Вы родились в Германии?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Нет, моя мать опасалась, что это может доставить мне проблемы и поэтому договорилась незаконно оформить фальшивые документы, по которым подтверждалось, что я родился в Константиновке. Конечно ходили всякие слухи про нас в деревне, иногда мои одноклассники звали меня «немец» и я не мог понять, почему. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Выходит, что Вы вообще не знали о том, что родились в Германии?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Нет, я узнал об этом только, когда началась репатриация после распада СССР. Мне было нужно объяснить КГБ, что я родился в Германии. Один из моих друзей смог помочь мне с этим, и найти в немецких архивах среди прочих и мои документы. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Что-то изменилось в Вашей жизни после этого?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Так как брак моей матери и моего «отца» (еврея, который спас ей жизнь) нигде и никак не был зарегистрирован, я должен был поменять фамилию. Но так как у меня есть жена и дети, которые носят мое имя, я оставил прежнюю. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Когда Вы празднуете свой день рождения?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Я праздную его 15-го января, в тот день, когда я действительно родился. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Кем вы работали на протяжении Вашей жизни?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Начинал я обычным электриком в одной компании, где потом дорос до главного инженера. К сожалению, когда руководство узнало, что я болен раком, меня немедленно уволили.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Который исторический период, по Вашему мнению, был наилучшим за последние 60 лет?</span></b><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Я думаю, что времена Хрущева были лучшими для людей. Тогда они на самом деле могли верить в ценности и идеи партии и чувствовать себя безопасно в хорошо-налаженной системе. В то время мы действительно доверяли режиму, и я даже был одним из лидеров партии. В период Брежнева, последовавший за ним, я почувствовал, что не смогу больше верить ни одному режиму. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">Как бы Вы могли подытожить вашу жизнь?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small;">У меня есть жена, мы в браке с 1965 года и у нас есть 45-ти и 31-летние дочери и несколько внуков. Я думаю, что сделал все в этой жизни, что должен был: у меня прекрасная семья, я создал достойные условия, чтобы вырастить моих детей и жить чистой жизнью в своей семье. Я всегда выбирал более сложный путь и законно следовать моим основным жизненным ценностям, также как это делала моя мать. </span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-60500187708509028552011-06-08T10:06:00.001-07:002012-01-18T07:04:23.434-08:00Маслийная Наталья Карповна<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Интервью брали: Наташа (Украина), Тим (Германия)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">В гостиной ее дома 8-го Августа 2010 года</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="RU" style="line-height: 115%;">Жизнь перед Второй мировой войной</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Наталья Карповна Маслийная родилась в 1924 году в Киевской области. Однако она никогда не бывала в Киеве. У нее были брат, и пять старших сестер. Было еще три сестры, которые умерли во времена голода в начале 1930-х годов в возрасте двадцати, восьми и шести лет. Братья и сестры Натальи жили отдельно, а она делила отчий дом с родителями. Родители были крестьянами. Наталья отучилась 8 классов, а после этого поступила на педагогический факультет технического училища, чтобы стать учительницей. Она участвовала в разных молодежных общественных организациях, таких как пионерия, и была комсомолкой (членом коммунистической молодежной организации) в техническом училище. Одной из важных для нее целей было помогать людям, например, в детском саду и в младшей школе. В ее деревне все говорили по-украински. В семь лет Наталья начала учить русский в школе. Там же ее учили немецкому на протяжении пяти лет.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Никто из родственников Натальи не участвовал ни в испанской войне, ни в русско-финской. Как вспоминает Наталья из рассказов ее отца, он не сражался и во времена Первой мировой войны. В деревне не было евреев.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="RU" style="line-height: 115%;">Голод 1932/1933 гг. </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">В начале 30-хх годов в Советском Союзе ввели колхоз - коллективное хозяйство. Власти забирали зерно и домашний скот из сел. Поначалу крестьяне могли сами выбирать, что отдавать. А позже их стали заставлять отдавать все, что было. Когда начался голод, Наталье было девять лет. К 1932/1933 годам в ее селе уже не было зерна, а у людей не было сил. Некоторые умерли от голода. Многие крестьяне не решались переехать, так как были привязаны к селу, в котором жили, и потому остались и ждали смерти.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Пока царил голод, деревня постепенно пустела. Домашние животные, собаки, коты, лошади дохли с голоду и/или сельские жители их съедали. Люди на самом деле ели все, что находили. Семьи тогда обычно состояли из 8-9 человек (дети, родители, родители родителей), и все поколения жили в одном доме. Многие семьи вымирали целиком. И тогда все члены одной семьи хоронились в одной яме, а могила покрывалась землей и травой. Нигде не указывались имена захороненных, и сейчас Наталья не смогла бы найти могилу своей семьи. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Одна из сестер Натальи вышла замуж за председателя колхоза, поэтому в семье Натальи было больше еды, чем у других. Сестра собирала еду и отдавала своим - иногда по ночам, тайком от мужа. Без этой помощи, объясняет Наталья, они бы точно умерли. Основным блюдом в доме была трава, которую Наталья и родители отваривали. Соли часто не было, и вкус у приготовленной травы был отвратительный. А иногда они даже не могли варить, так как не было спичек. Когда семья видела костер у соседей, они просили огоньку и несли его себе домой.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="RU" style="line-height: 115%;">Начало Второй мировой войны </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Фашисты нагрянули в село на пятый день после того, как вспыхнула война. Они приехали на мотоциклах и привезли с собой мертвого немецкого солдата, которого похоронили рядом с домом Натальи. Хотя нацисты и не наносили телесного вреда сельским жителям, они заставляли их отдавать все, что только можно было раздобыть: молоко, коров, хлеб, яйца. Нацисты выбрали лучшие дома с лучшими жилищными условиями и стали жить там. Дом Натальи сожгли в первые месяцы войны. Немцы приехали со своими полицаями (полицией). Им пришлось сотрудничать с местными, чтобы установить свой режим. Из-за того, что линия фронта часто менялась, немцы столкнулись с трудностями в установлении своего постоянного влияния в этом регионе. Идеологически обработать жителей села не получилось, пропагандируемая информация не пользовалась успехом. В окрестных лесах прятались партизаны. Железную дорогу повредили.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="RU" style="line-height: 115%;">Наталья – остарбайтер в Германии</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">С 1942 года местная полиция стала отлавливать людей в общественных местах ночью и отправлять на поезде в Германию. Люди не сдавались в полицию добровольно. Не было и такого, что отбирались определенные люди, определенного возраста. Вся молодежь была в списке. Задержанным разрешалось взять один ломоть хлеба с собой. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">В воскресенье, 22 июня 1942 года, в возрасте 17 лет, Наталью заставили покинуть Украину и уехать в Германию. Так как война началась неожиданно, никто не говорил о ней, а в селе не проводилась военная подготовка. Выходные Наталья провела с семьей, как обычно. Ее личные вещи остались в спальне в техническом училище, она не могла забирать ничего из своих книг или одежды с собой.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">В час ночи полицейские постучали в дом Натальи. Мать открыла дверь. Они спросили, есть ли Наташа. Так как они знали имя, мать предположила, что полицейские были местными. Она сделала вид, что Наталья больна. На этой полицейские заверили ее, что в Германии хорошие доктора, и они быстро вылечат ее дочь. Полицаи заставили впустить их в дом и вошли в комнату Натальи. Мать плакала и помогла собрать некоторые вещи и хлеб для Наташи.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Наталью привели на станцию и посадили в вагон поезда к 25 другим людям. Каждый нашел себе свободное место на полу на соломе, которой уже пользовались. Было вполне удобно. Единственная дверь вагона была заперта. В углу стояла коробка, которая была туалетом. Какие-то занавески кое-как помогали уединиться. Людей не кормили вообще. Они могли кушать только то, что взяли из дома. Сбежать было невозможно из-за закрытой двери и охранников, которые наблюдали за заключенными. Вот так Наталья впервые в своей жизни путешествовала на поезде. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Из пропагандируемой информации Наталья слышала, что их ждала лучшая жизнь в Германии. Но кроме этого она ничего не знала об отправленных в Германию и не слышала, чтобы кто-то оттуда возвращался. Через пять дней поезд прибыл.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Благодаря знаниям немецкого, полученным в школе, Наталья хорошо понимала охранников, сама же она почти не могла говорить. Наталья надеялась улучшить немецкий, но этого не произошло, так как никто с ней не разговаривал. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="RU" style="line-height: 115%;">Жизнь в лагере</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Вначале Наталью привезли в лагерь в Манхайме. В дом, где вместе с ней жило около тысячи человек из Польши и Франции. Прибывали туда и другие поезда, из других стран, например, из Беларуси. Санитарно-гигиенических условий в доме не было. Немецкие фермеры приходили в лагерь и отбирали себе рабочих, которые казались им самыми сильными.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Через несколько дней Наталья и еще тысячу человек переправили в деревню Эдинген во временный лагерь. В деревне текла река, где немцы упражнялись в гребле. В лагере всех людей попросили полностью раздеться. Им выдали черные простыни, и ими можно было прикрыть тело днем и укрываться ночью. Во дворе два парикмахера обстригли заключенным волосы, чтобы избежать вшей. У одной из женщин были очень красивые черные шелковистые волосы. Управляющая лагерем так восхитилась волосами, что по эстетическим соображениям скомандовала не обрезать их, а лечить химически. Всем немцам в лагере нравились эти волосы. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Немцы жили в 5-этажном частном доме, первый этаж в нем, состоящий из одной большой комнаты предназначался для заключенных. Люди спали на трехъярусных кроватях. Вдоль одной из стен дома достроили дополнительное здание в виде длинного коридора с очень узким высоким входом. Там поставили несколько рядов трехъярусных деревянных кроватей. В стенах были дырки, без окон. Заходить и входить в здание можно было не только через входную дверь, но и через них. Зимой дыры забивались одеждой, чтобы как-то удержать тепло внутри.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="RU" style="line-height: 115%;">Распорядок дня</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">В обычный рабочий день заключенные вставали в пять утра. На завтрак они получали одну чашку черного кофе и 200 г черного хлеба. После этого 18 км они ехали на тракторе к рабочему месту; это была фабрика ЛАНЦ, названная так именем ее владельца. Рабочий день длился 14 часов. Начинали в 8 утра, в 12 был часовой перерыв, а заканчивали работу в 10 вечера. На обед заключенным давали похожие на морковь белые овощи, на ужин макароны и суп, без масла. Наталья вспоминает, как однажды на Рождество им выдали хороший белый хлеб. Поначалу Наталья думала, что будет голодать, но со временем привыкла к такому питанию. За три года работы на ферме Наталья ослабела, но ничем не заболела. Ей ни разу не приходили письма. Заключенные, русские и украинцы, дружили друг с другом. Немецкие охранники, в основном, относились ко всем дружелюбно. Они никого не били, кроме тех случаев, когда кто-то пытался отлынивать от работы, к примеру, спрятавшись за технику, чтобы выкурить сигарету.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">По воскресеньям был выходной. С 10 утра до 4 часов дня заключенных пускали в город. Они должны были надеть жакет цвета зеленой травы. На левом переднем борте жакета была пришита синяя бирка квадратной формы с белыми буквами «ОСТ». Заключенным не разрешалось ездить на автобусе или поезде, а если бы они и попытались, то получили бы отказ из-за бирки «ОСТ». Часто они гуляли вдоль реки, плавали, собирали фрукты около берега, что расценивалось как воровство и было запрещено. В лагере вообще не было развлечений, ни музыки, ни танцев, ни кино. Однажды Наталья попала в группу лучших работников и поехала на экскурсию в Берлин.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">В течение первого года рабочие не получали денег за свой труд. На второй год вышел закон, по которому им обязаны были платить. С этого момента они стали получать от 25 до 50 дойчмарок в качестве заработной платы, которая выдавалась раз в месяц прямо на рабочем месте в рабочее время. Деньги раскладывались в конверты, подписанные именем каждого. Заключенные получали деньги все два года вплоть до последнего дня войны. Для них работал специальный гастроном, где Наталья могла себе что-то купить, к примеру, мороженое или селедку. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="RU" style="line-height: 115%;">Конец Второй мировой войны и жизнь после нее</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Наталья не знала наверняка, что война закончилась, но были обстоятельства, указывающие на это. Например, тяжелая бомбардировка промышленной зоны, где она работала, и которая после этого была практически уничтожена. С самолетов Американской гуманитарной помощи стали сбрасывать фрукты и еду. Так как самолеты подлетали низко, Наталья смогла узнать смех американцев, смотревших, чтобы заключенные поднимали еду (конфеты, печенье) с земли.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Наталья знала, где находятся так называемые «бункеры» - подземные поселения, в которых жили немецкие семьи, чтобы укрыться от бомб.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">После войны никого не интересовала судьба заключенных. Они прожили еще 2 месяца в лагере все вместе, так как владельцам запретили их выгонять. Но теперь уже никто их не кормил и они сами собирали овощи в полях, а если у кого-то оставались отложенные деньги от зарплаты, покупали что-то в городе. Они просили еду и у соседей или делали для них какую-то небольшую работу за плату. Заключенным не выдали никаких документов о работе в Германии во время войны.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="RU" style="font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Те люди, которые работали на частных фермах, там и остались, их жизнь была роскошной по сравнению с жизнью Натальи в промзоне. Наталья не сохранила деньги, так как не смогла бы обменять их на Украине. Она не привезла домой подарков. Ее мать потеряла сознание от счастья, когда снова увидела дочь. Местные не упрекали Наталью в том, что ее заставили работать в Германии. В 1946 году Наталья вернулась в Константиновку. Она не закончила учебу, пропустив год. Наталья вышла замуж и проработала в гастрономе много лет до выхода на пенсию. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-89521301066558509852011-06-02T06:35:00.001-07:002011-06-02T06:35:17.937-07:00To live with eyes open wide<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">It’s not so easy. Then you noticed shortcomings and they hurt you. But another lifestyle doesn’t exist for young people from the international volunteer camp “The history of the last prisoner”. Otherwise they didn’t come to us from Vienna, Berlin, Budapest and other “luxurious” cities. Indeed we need the view of us, our country, our history by such girls and boys. Because no man is a prophet in his own country and an outside view is always useful. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">From the first days the camp organizers made sure that all – from the youngest 16 years old Antonina (Perm, Russia) to experienced 30-years old Stefan (Vienna, Austria) – were geared up for serious work. They gave up trips to The Holy Mountains, to the champagne factory and limited themselves by beauties of Kleban-Byk, Belokuzminovka and a visit to Donetsk. Suffering from extreme, even for us, heat (by the way, as to the order scorching heat finished only in the day of their departure – 20<sup>th</sup> of August) they were walking along the dusty streets and talking with senior citizens. As the camp participant from Konstantinovka Julia (school #13) said, “during these two weeks the most difficult was to come back in our minds with the old women and men to the difficult years of concentration camps and forced labour. These stories forced us to cry and suffer with them”. Now stories of the German-Austrian-Italian prisoner N. Pogasiya, the martyr of Dachau, Mauthausen I. Evtehov, the juvenile Polish-German “Ostarbeiter” N. Zakabluchnyj, N. Maslenna, V. Lymareva, G. Novozhenova, N. Bur’jan and many others will be known well beyond our town.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">“When we started the project we thought that the main problem would be the infrastructure of Konstantinovka which is less developed than in the big cities”, - says the manager of the project Olga (Kharkov). – But here we were thrilled by interest and help of everybody we met. Thanks to this we could worked over a huge array of information during the short period of time. These two weeks weren’t enough for us”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span><span> </span>By the way, at the meeting with the Konstantinovka’s mayor assistant S. Astahova many participants of the project supported its continuation, as volunteers interviewed only almost 30 prisoners and former “Ostarbeiters”. But in Konstantinovka about 200 of people which such experiences live (this number was a real surprise for all). The USA Peace Corps volunteers Ben and Matison who became practically citizens of Konstantinovka and were present at the executive committee meeting, expressed an opinion that there was no sense to wait until next summer and next camp. We, who live next door with these people, could continue to talk with them and then post the English translation of those stories in the Internet. It was interesting for the Americans to see the work of European volunteers because, according to Matison, globally they all together fulfill common mission – to learn about Ukraine as much as possible and to implement a close friendly relations between countries. Matison admired this project and said that though he was a representative of another generation and understood that years of tortures during World War II were not the fault of the young people, but such work would make it possible to pay attention to veterans who underwent incredibly severe trials. Ben reminded us that the project idea come up thanks to the appearance of “The Holocaust diaries”. Nonna Bannister’s and now American volunteers’ duty is to continue what was started by Europeans. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">“Language trials were added to natural for me, as I don’t understand Russian and only a few understand English, – shares smiling, excellently swimming and dancing Sonya from Budapest. – But here we were welcomed so warmly even by unknown people on the streets because the language of the heart is clear for all. I understood a lot of things and now I’m sure that after coming home I can persuade my grandmother, who came through the war but never told about her experiences, to stop keeping silent and to tell about everything happened”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Natasha from Artemovsk who is an experienced voluntary group activist and has participated in several voluntary projects noted that for her it was the first time to take part in such kind of project and she hadn’t heard about anything similar organized. She thinks that such work is very necessary. As information about war heroes is collected and available for studying, they receive honors deservedly.<span> </span>But the page of history about those who were taken as prisoners to Germany, and after coming back were reproached for betrayal unfairly and some even were imprisoned, is elucidated scarcely: “We were talking with those people – almost nobody had spoken with them, they hadn’t been invited to educational institutions and so on. But they had been gone step by step as well as the war heroes. And the day will come when only last prisoners are left”. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">That Konstantinovka experienced such an “invasion” of foreigners became a good training for the town before Euro-2012, as volunteers thought themselves. According to them, Donetsk isn’t big enough to host all guests of Euro-2012. That’s why citizens of Konstantinovka should get ready for international communication. It is necessary to learn English, to make maps, <span style="color: red;">circuitry</span>, guideboards, and signboards. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">The young people thank all who helped in the organization and carrying out the camp and first of all the editorial staff of “Provintsija”, department of education, KP “Kommuntrans”, the town and the regional local history museums, the chairman of Belokuz’minovsk village council A. Skomorohov, the teachers of KPL K. Zemtsov and I. Bredihin, the students of the local history N. Stukan, A. Novocel’skyj and A. Taraman.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">We will miss graceful Tim from Germany whose palm was caught in handclasps of former “Ostarbeiters”, virtuosic Austrian girl Marlen who shocked Konstantinovka by New Zealand’s amusement by colorful ribbons, elegant Bjanka who disputed for the right not to eat only pancakes for supper. We will miss strapper Stefan (because of which children gave him a name uncle Stepa) who freely spoke Russian and came with guitar and made “Imagine” of John Lennon the camp hymn. We will remember the Russian girls from Perm – “computer genious” Oksana who created the Internet-blog about Konstantinovka’s prisoners and Inna who struggled with chills and had saved the bat which flew into the bedroom. And the rest of 20 volunteers worked in our town. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>The parting wasn’t easy but the hope for a meeting and future work warms our hearts. As that young people are as we are, but they have only a bit more open eyes. </span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">V. Berezin</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">P.S.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"> It’s worth to say that volunteer camp in our town did some extra planned tasks – two lorries of rubbish were collected and removed from the territory of our sacred place – Sergeevskyj gully. Except this, the German and the Austrian project participants undertook liabilities to help with the approval of some data of the interviewed’s biography in Nazi torture chambers during talks with prisoners and former “Ostarbeiters” and provided information about contacts of plants and factories where they worked so that they can take part in different programs of these enterprises. </span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-49117535364809031132011-06-02T06:34:00.000-07:002011-06-02T06:34:01.904-07:00The Story of the Last Prisoner<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:DoNotOptimizeForBrowser/> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">On</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">August</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">the </span><span lang="UK">20<sup>th</sup> </span><span lang="EN-US">the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">international</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">youth</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">exchange</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">project</span><span lang="UK"> “</span><span lang="EN-US">The</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Story</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">of</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Last</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Prisoner</span><span lang="UK">”, </span><span lang="EN-US">which</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">took</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">place</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">between</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">August</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="UK">5 </span><span lang="EN-US">and</span><span lang="UK"> 20 </span><span lang="EN-US">in</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Konstantinovka</span><span lang="UK">, </span><span lang="EN-US">Donetsk</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">region, came to an end.<span> </span>Within two weeks 19 participants of the program from Austria, Germany, Russia, Ukraine and Hungary did a profound job. They interviewed about 30 town dwellers, which had been forced to abandon their home and to work in Austria and Germany during the Second World War. The interviews were carefully written down and edited by the participants of the project. They can be easily accessed at the blog of the project in Russian and English languages. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">We</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">continue</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">working</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">actively</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">on</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">blog</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">and</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">plan</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">to</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">include</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">audio</span><span lang="EN-GB"> and</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-US">video</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">recordings</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">as well as</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">photos</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">of the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">interviews</span><span lang="UK">. </span><span lang="EN-US">Efforts of the volunteers are of paramount social importance. Memories of witnesses of those horrible events, the number of which grows thinner each day, will be preserved for future generations and will help people to be more objective in their understanding of history and refrain from repeating mistakes of the past. <span> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Interviews allowed the participants not only to feel the history and people’s fates, but also to acquire a unique personal experience of communication with witnesses of those events. Interviews abound in moving moments, tears and joys, re-evaluated attitudes towards older generations, compassion and willingness to help and do one’s best to brighten up gloomy years of venerable age. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Participants worked hard, but the aim of the project was more than that. Participants</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">received</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">a</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">wonderful</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">opportunity</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">to</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">get</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">acquainted</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">with</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">history</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">of</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Konstantinovka</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">and</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Donbas</span><span lang="UK">, </span><span lang="EN-US">visited</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">interesting</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">and</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">memorable</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">sights</span><span lang="UK">, </span><span lang="EN-US">strolled</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">along</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">streets</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">of</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Donetsk</span><span lang="UK">, </span><span lang="EN-US">went to</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">football</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">match</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">at</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">one</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">of</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">major</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">European</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">stadiums</span><span lang="UK">, </span><span lang="EN-US">enjoyed</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">magnificence</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">of</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">the</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Kleban</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Byk</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">nature</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">reserve</span><span lang="UK">, </span><span lang="EN-US">chalky</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">hills</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">of</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Belokuzminovka</span><span lang="UK">, </span><span lang="EN-US">and</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">simply</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">had</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">a</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">great</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">time. After two weeks of joint efforts, battles with unbelievable heat of nearly 40 C<sup>o</sup> and tap water according to schedule participants had truly become a big family. At a closing meeting with the local authorities the participants were thanked officially for their commitment to the preservation of history. Our</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">common history</span><span lang="RU">. </span><span lang="RU"><span> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">We want to believe that the results of the project will be of use and will not merely collect dust on shelves. We want this project to encourage the further search and recording of oral history. So many living ostarbeiters and concentration camp prisoners are still waiting for their, possibly last, interview. The project was co-organized by Service Civil International (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Russia), IVO “SVIT-Ukraine” and ECC “Bakhmat”, with the assistance of the “Youth in Action” project and the National Agency of Germany.</span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8493480790244443740.post-12244459658511615122011-06-02T06:32:00.001-07:002012-06-14T04:42:46.540-07:00European volunteers special mission in Konstantinovka<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="color: #cccccc;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" lang="en-GB" style="color: #cccccc; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0.4cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">They
have been noticed in the town since the 5th of August. Small groups
of diverse loud youth here and there broke into the drowsiness of our
streets, like flowers in dry grass. “Who are they? Why don't they
speak in our language?’’ - passerbys wondered. Some institution
chief officers (at the post office for example) were scared when
strangers were making photos of their buildings and one taxi driver
after having seen this colourful company with balloons and stripes
offered his version: “You're not having a gay parade here?”</span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" lang="en-GB" style="color: #cccccc; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0.4cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" lang="en-GB" style="color: #cccccc; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0.4cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">But
actually there was a simple explanation – that these people were
volunteers of an international summer camp. Students and other young
people interested in history arrived here from Germany, Austria,
Hungary, Russia and Ukraine (20 people altogether) to interview and
write down the memories of former concentration camps prisoners –
“Ostarbeiters”. They were amazed that more than a hundred of them
were still remaining in our town – that's why they called the
project “Last Prisoner Story”. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCdhZwlLmJlKScrF1vTjlIufD6PUgkhpACdi4jDJ_fMiuJXLNqSVxGsfOIF1Rxibf53sSet2mIDE5O9DM7YD8w4Nf3Wc6HRJOg-A_uYxmTZxdRpYKCsOtPtKE84S1vZEzr-th7NDL0YcUD/s1600/desant_evropeyskih_volonterov_v_konstantinovke_12949_13082010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCdhZwlLmJlKScrF1vTjlIufD6PUgkhpACdi4jDJ_fMiuJXLNqSVxGsfOIF1Rxibf53sSet2mIDE5O9DM7YD8w4Nf3Wc6HRJOg-A_uYxmTZxdRpYKCsOtPtKE84S1vZEzr-th7NDL0YcUD/s400/desant_evropeyskih_volonterov_v_konstantinovke_12949_13082010.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> </span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The
question “Why did you leave your business Europe's cultural capital
Vienna and came to our godforsaken town?” Stefan from Vienna
answered that he, as well as his fellow volunteers, believed that
true understanding of the history of one country or nation was
possible only by studying the life story of one person or one family.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Divided
into small groups (with at least one Russian-speaking person in each)
the volunteers visited our fellow-countrymen who had lived through
the severe trials of the Second World War. The first person they
visited was our eldest – the 97-year old Hero of Socialist Labour
Fedor Trofimovich Fedorenko who travelled through the whole war from
Artemovsk to Berlin in the same Soviet lorry - ZIS. It's strange for
a driver, but for his whole life he practically never smoked and
rarely drunk. </span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">No
less astonishing was the story of the 5-years old “Ostarbeiter”
Nikolay Zakabluchniy, Fedor Fedorenko's neighbour in the village
Berestovo.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmmawpteEs0YuIhsZzXVeSKUR1IxIcYi3hDrcqTIrZJyzDDCQw2pzZ8mRU54jCs6I9G73BkM48U03_n6RmASceMY87KEATP4mMWeqxcvuVBoLcPG6EZMDzPyGLLP_9x39mN3BojKUW6soM/s1600/desant_evropeyskih_volonterov_v_konstantinovke_12949_13082010_0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmmawpteEs0YuIhsZzXVeSKUR1IxIcYi3hDrcqTIrZJyzDDCQw2pzZ8mRU54jCs6I9G73BkM48U03_n6RmASceMY87KEATP4mMWeqxcvuVBoLcPG6EZMDzPyGLLP_9x39mN3BojKUW6soM/s400/desant_evropeyskih_volonterov_v_konstantinovke_12949_13082010_0.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">These
meetings became possible thanks to N. Stukan – a poet and
ethnographer from Konstantinovka. Before, Nikolay Pavlovich had
guided volunteers to a site that is sacred to the citizens of
Konstantinovka – Sergeevskaya gully (Sergeevskaya Balka). He told
about the way the Nazis annihilated here almost 20 thousand children,
women, old men and our soldiers, about how difficult it was to create
a simple momument for the dead, and about the shame that next to this
sacred site there is a town disposal dump, an osseous factory and
sewage-purification facilities. Volunteers appreciated Nikolay
Pavlovich’s enthusiasm and civil awareness as this man obviously
devoted his life entirely to discover and memorize the people who had
died in Segeevskaya Balka.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Besides
that in their first days in Konstantinovka volunteers attended an
emotional meeting with a son, a daughter and a grand-son of Nonna
Lisovkaya-Bannister, an “Ostarbeiter” from Konstantinovka, that
took place in the library of the town. Nonna’s children came to us
from faraway Memphis and spoke about how important it was for them to
see their mother’s native land and to meet her cousins and their
grandmother. A big audience listened to Ludmila Perfilova’s,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Nonna’s
cousin, Tatyana Zaichikova’s and Lyubov Gerasimova’s
recollections, who remembered very well Nonna’s mother – Anna
Yakovlevna. Also they listened to E. Dudnik and N.Zhukova, the
voluntary translators of the book “Secret diaries of Holocaust”.
But the most impressive was to hear Nonna herself speaking recorded
on audio. The guests from the US received presents from the Literary
Alliance, the O. Tikhiy Association and the Ecology and Culture
Center “Bakhmat”.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC7Br8V2SAWLIePX3locA7bWOVdfOk2pKBI-OsS3se4e8xYw3iAMDmXLahmhJVCNPJ0-6XktrNl7olagSUzL0tnP8mN4AL21CfgMhmXAN4gbF0ssK8md_NiwD5B2KTnjQ_L2-7ubq_-Y_l/s1600/desant_evropeyskih_volonterov_v_konstantinovke_12949_13082010_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC7Br8V2SAWLIePX3locA7bWOVdfOk2pKBI-OsS3se4e8xYw3iAMDmXLahmhJVCNPJ0-6XktrNl7olagSUzL0tnP8mN4AL21CfgMhmXAN4gbF0ssK8md_NiwD5B2KTnjQ_L2-7ubq_-Y_l/s400/desant_evropeyskih_volonterov_v_konstantinovke_12949_13082010_1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The volunteers
are staying in our town for another week. They do not complain about
hot weather and any inconvenience but they eagerly ask town citizens
to help them in collecting memories of prisoners and former
“Ostarbeiters” (we have already reported that a book layout,
museum stand and website would be created).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">By
the way, when meeting the former “Ostarbeiters”, it turned out
that many of them didn’t know about various programs of aid to
people who were forced to labour in Europe during the Second World
War. For example, many administrations of federal states of Germany,
as well as companies and enterprises that have been operating since
War times, invite former “Ostarbeiters” with accompanying persons
so they can tell about their work at the place. Europe, like our
volunteers, also wants to recover and reveal the real situation of
what was going on during those hard years.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Written
by V. Berezin for “Provintsiya” newspaper, 11.8.2010</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Translated
from Russian</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://konstantinovka.com.ua/node/12949" target="_blank">original article </a>
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